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Understanding Health: Definitions, Determinants, and Policies

This comprehensive overview delves into the multifaceted definitions of health, from narrow to broad perspectives, incorporating physical, mental, and spiritual aspects. It explores key health determinants, including genetic, environmental, sociocultural, economic factors, and lifestyle choices. The discussion also highlights the importance of public health policies and the various forms they take, such as laws and regulations, to influence health behaviors and outcomes. Additionally, economic evaluation methods like cost-benefit analysis are examined to assess healthcare expenditures and their implications on overall health.

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Understanding Health: Definitions, Determinants, and Policies

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  1. HAS 4320 Week 1

  2. Defining Health • Narrow • Lack of disease • Broad • Body, mind, spirit • Ultimate • Happiness

  3. Health Determinants • Genetic makeup • Physical environment • Sociocultural environment • Economic environment • Lifestyle/behavior • Health services

  4. U.S. Values • Individual autonomy • Self-determination • Personal privacy • Justice for all • Faith in technology • Desire to prolong life

  5. Public policies Authorized decisions that are made in the legislative, executive or judicial branches of government that are intended to direct or influence actions, behaviours or decisions of others.

  6. Public Health Policies Public policies that pertain to health or influence the pursuit of health and affect groups or types of organizations. They can be in the public or private sector.

  7. Forms of Health Policies • Laws • Rules/regulations • Operational decisions • Judicial decisions • Macro policies

  8. Categories of Health Policies • Allocative • Regulatory • Redistributive

  9. Health policies and health Health policies Determinants Health

  10. Heart disease Cancer Stroke Accidents Pulmonary disease Diabetes Suicide Liver disease AIDS Leading causes of death…

  11. How do these tie to the causes of death? • Money • People • Technology • Health Care System

  12. Sources and uses of funds

  13. Sources and uses of funds

  14. Sources and uses of funds • $4,226 per person • 14% + of GDP • 45% Government • 34% Employers • 17% Self pay • 4% Charity

  15. Flow of funds • Exchange theory • Two-party transaction • Derived demand between firms

  16. Freely competitive markets • Sufficient information • Large numbers of buyers and sellers • Sellers can enter the market • Products can substitute • Quantity is balanced

  17. Circular flow

  18. Role of Government

  19. Sources • Growth • Third-party payors

  20. Income/Ethnicity and Mortality

  21. Use of funds • Intensity of services • Hospitals • Long-term care • Doctors • Staff • Other

  22. Economic Evaluation • Cost Benefit Analysis (CBA) • Cost Effectiveness Analysis (CEA) • Opportunity Cost • Marginal

  23. Need vs. Demand

  24. Expected value

  25. Knee injury example (cons)

  26. Knee injury example (pros)

  27. Measuring benefits • Health • Productivity • Reductions in future medical costs

  28. Measuring cost • Medical care and administration • Follow up • Time and pain • Provider time

  29. Efficiency Questions • Technical efficiency • Cost efficiency • Allocative efficiency • Transaction cost • Dynamic efficiency

  30. Value of life • Jones-Lee Approach

  31. Value of life • Wages vs. Risk

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