الاسم : سعد بن محمد نور بن محمد ولي الرقم الجامعي : 4350167

1. الاسم : سعد بن محمد نور بن محمد ولي الرقم الجامعي : 4350167 التخصص : معيد بكلية الصيدلة قسم الأدوية Pharmacology استخدام الحاسب لتقديم محاضرة في موضوع مختص بالبوربوينت

3. Tablets

4. Tablets • Tablet dosage forms appear in various colors and shapes. • They have many forms too. • These types can be based on each tablets use or mode of action.

5. Tablets Types • Chewable tablet • Sublingual tablet • Buccal tablet • Implantation tablet • Coated tablet • Vaginal tablet • Effervescent tablet • Soluble tablet • Sustained released tablet

6. The following are facts about the different tablet forms: Chewable tablet Antacids and most vitamin tablets are designed as chewable types. These forms are agreeable tasting that no water is necessary for a follow up. While chewable tablets are applicable for antacids for fast relief, these types are also beneficial for people and younger individuals who are incapable in swallowing a regular tablet type.

7. Sublingual tablet • This form is placed under the tongue for immediate effect. An example is Isordil sublingual 5mg. This drug is normally administered for minor heart palpitation attacks. • Buccal tablet • Same as sublingual, the use of a buccal tablet is to make a drug work faster. However, instead of placing the tablet under the tongue, a buccal tablet is placed at the side of the cheek or between the lip gums. Like the sublingual type, a buccal tablet also contains active ingredients that should be absorbed through the oral mucosa to avoid being destroyed by the GIT. • Eg: Fentanyl tablet for cancer pain is a buccal tablet type

8. An example is testosterone hormone and stilbestrol. Implantation is designed to be more compact thus, has slow solubility into the body tissues. However, these tablets have been replaced by other dosage form such as diffusion controlled silicone tubes filled with drug or biodegradable polymers that contain entrapped drug in assortment of forms. • Implantation tablet • Implantation tablets are also known as pellets. These types are without excipients or additives (disintegrants, colorants, lubricants etc.) Implantations tablets must be sterile because they are inserted into the body tissues by surgical procedures.

9. Coated tablet • Coated tablets are smooth and they can have a sweet taste (sugar coated) ideal for individuals who have difficulty in swallowing. But, like the multilayered types, a coated form is also used as a scheme to separate two incompatible active constituents. More to this, not only that coated forms shields the inert component being destroyed in the gastro intestinal tract as it dissolves completely in the stomach, it also protects the patient from undergoing gastric discomfort.

10. An example is a film-coated erythromycin stearate. This drug causes stomach upsets at the same time its active component is acid-sensitive. • Aspiletaspirin is another one, although it is not acid sensitive. There are two tablet types of Aspilet- the regular and the enteric coated form. While its ordinary type tablet can cause stomach irritation, the enteric coated Aspilet is not likely to cause such discomfort.

11. Effervescent tabletEffervescent tablets are those employed to produce carbon dioxide by chemical reaction of the components upon addition of water. Examples of effervescent tablets are Alka-seltzer and acetylcysteine (Fluimucil). • Vaginal tablet • Vaginal tablets are also referred to as inserts. These are specially formulated and shaped tablets intended to be placed into the vagina for localized effect. Canesten tablet, a drug for vaginal infections is an example of vaginal tablet.

12. These types provide fast relief, good stomach and intestinal tolerance and consistent response than other forms of tablets and capsules. • Soluble tablet • A soluble tablet is prepared by mixing powders and then moistening the mixture by alcohol solution. It is formed into molds then dried. • Examples are hypodermic tabs and tablet triturates especially used in antibiotics for administration in infant formulas or in other suitable liquids.

13. ` • Sustained released tablet • Sustained released tablets are intended to provide immediate release of the drug by producing the desired effect but then has also the capacity to gradually release continually the other amounts of drug to maintain the level of effect over an extended period usually from 8 to 12 hours. An example of this is Feosolspansule- anti-anemia drug.

14. Tablets Ingredients In addition to active ingredients, tablet contains a number of inert materials known as additives or excipients. Different excipients are: 1. Diluent 2. Binder and adhesive 3. Disintegrents 4. Lubricants and glidants 5. Colouring agents 6. Flavoring agents 7. Sweetening agents

15. 1. Diluent: Diluents are fillers used to make required bulk of the tablet when the drug dosage itself is inadequate to produce the bulk. Secondary reason is to provide better tablet properties such as improve cohesion, to permit use of direct compression manufacturing or to promote flow. A diluent should have following properties: 1. They must be non toxic 2. They must be commercially available in acceptable grade 3. There cost must be low 4. They must be physiologically inert 5. They must be physically & chemically stable by themselves & in combination with the drugs. 6. They must be free from all microbial contamination. 7. They do not alter the bioavailability of drug. 8. They must be color compatible

16. Commonly used tablet diluents 1. Lactose-anhydrous and spray dried lactose 2. Directly compressed starch-Sta Rx 1500 3. Hydrolyzed starch-Emdex and Celutab 4. Microcrystalline cellulose-Avicel (PH 101 and PH 102) 5. Dibasic calcium phosphate dehydrate 6. Calcium sulphatedihydrate 7. Mannitol 8. Sorbitol 9. Sucrose- Sugartab, DiPac, Nutab 10. Dextrose

17. 2. Binders and Adhesives: These materials are added either dry or in wet- form to form granules or to form cohesive compacts for directly compressed tablet. Example: Acacia, tragacanth- Solution for 10-25% Conc. Cellulose derivatives- Methyl cellulose, Hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose, Hydroxypropyl cellulose Gelatin- 10-20% solution Glucose- 50% solution Polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP)- 2% conc. Starch paste-10-20% solution Sodium alginate Sorbitol

18. 3. Disintegrants: Added to a tablet formulation to facilitate its breaking or disintegration when it contact in water in the GIT. Example: Starch- 5-20% of tablet weight. Starch derivative – Primogel and Explotab (1-8%) Clays- Veegum HV, bentonite 10% level in colored tablet only Cellulose Cellulose derivatives- Ac- Di-Sol (sodium carboxy methyl cellulose) Alginate PVP (Polyvinylpyrrolidone), cross-linked

19. Superdisintegrants: Swells up to ten fold within 30 seconds when contact water. Example:Crosscarmellose- cross-linked cellulose, Crosspovidone- cross-linked povidone (polymer), Sodium starch glycolate- cross-linked starch. These cross-linked products swell upto 10n fold with in 30 seconds when in contact with water. A portion of disintegrant is added before granulation and a portion before compression, which serve as glidants or lubricant. Evaluation of carbon dioxide in effervescent tablets is also one way of disintegration

20. 4. Lubricant and Glidants: Lubricants are intended to prevent adhesion of the tablet materials to the surface of dies and punches, reduce inter particle friction and may improve the rate of flow of the tablet granulation. Glidants are intended to promote flow of granules or powder material by reducing the friction between the particles. Example: Lubricants- Stearic acid, Stearic acid salt - Stearic acid, Magnesium stearate, Talc, PEG (Polyethylene glycols), Surfactants Glidants- Corn Starch – 5-10% conc., Talc-5% conc., Silica derivative - Colloidal silicas such as Cab-O-Sil, Syloid, Aerosil in 0.25-3% conc

21. 5. Coloring agent: The use of colors and dyes in a tablet has three purposes: (1) Masking of off color drugs (2) Product Identification (3) Production of more elegant product All coloring agents must be approved and certified by FDA. Two forms of colors are used in tablet preparation – FD &C and D & C dyes. These dyes are applied as solution in the granulating agent or Lake form of these dyes. Lakes are dyes absorbed on hydrous oxide and employed as dry powder coloring. Example: FD & C yellow 6-sunset yellow FD & C yellow 5- Tartrazine FD & C green 3- Fast Green FD & C blue 1- Brilliant Blue FD & C blue 2 - Indigo carmine D & C red 3- Erythrosine. D & C red 22 – Eosin Y

22. 6. Flavoring agents:For chewable tablet- flavor oil are used 7. Sweetening agents: For chewable tablets: Sugar, mannitol. Saccharine (artificial): 500 time’s sweeter than sucrose Disadvantage: Bitter aftertaste and carcinogenic Aspartame (artificial) Disadvantage: Lack of stability in presence of moisture.

23. Any Questions

24. References • http://www.tabletsdosageform.blogspot.com • http://www.boomer.org • http://www.pharmainfo.net/tablet-ruling-dosage-form-years/types-tablets

25. إعــــداد : د.سعد محمد نورولي