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Hamline University Graduate School St. Paul, Minnesota

Hamline University Graduate School St. Paul, Minnesota. Frogs as Bio-indicators Joan Chadde, MI Technological University Tony P. Murphy, Hamline University Kristin Schuster, Houghton Middle School. Hamline University Graduate School St. Paul, Minnesota. What are we being told by:

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Hamline University Graduate School St. Paul, Minnesota

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  1. Hamline University Graduate SchoolSt. Paul, Minnesota Frogs as Bio-indicators Joan Chadde, MI Technological University Tony P. Murphy, Hamline University Kristin Schuster, Houghton Middle School

  2. Hamline University Graduate SchoolSt. Paul, Minnesota What are we being told by: Amphibian (frog and toad) malformities Amphibian populations locally and globally But first……

  3. Vs. cold blood cold blood smooth or slimy skin warty and dry skin strong, long legs and stubby bodies with short webbed hind feet hind legs two bulging eyes parotid glands behind eyes lay eggs in clusters lay eggs in long chains a group of frogs is called a group of toads is called an ARMY of frogs a KNOT of toads Frogs have: Toads have:

  4. Anuran Diversity

  5. Frogs and Toads 14 species in MN, 13 species in MI 92 species in USA 3,300 species in the world

  6. MN Frogs and Toads

  7. Why We Care • Anurans are a part of the planet’s bio-diversity. 2.Anurans interact in interesting ways with each other and the environment, i.e. both prey and predators

  8. Why We Care 3. Anurans provide benefits to humansi.e. Gastric Brooding Frog of Australia might have provided answers for people suffering from gastric ulcers (Case of the Vanishing Frogs, T. Halliday and W. R. Heyer).

  9. 4. Frogs As Bio-indicators 1) double life--amphibious 2) permeable skin 3) absorb and concentrate toxins--biomagnification

  10. 4. Frogs As Bio-indicators Biomagnification: a process in which retained substances become more concentrated with each link in the food chain

  11. Malformed Amphibians

  12. External Malformations • extra or missing limbs • branching limbs • spikes or protuberances • missing eyes • abnormal webbing

  13. Internal Malformations • reproductive • digestive • urinary

  14. Malformed Frog Pictures

  15. Dr. David Hoppe, University of Minnesota-Morris

  16. Dr. David Hoppe, University of Minnesota-Morris

  17. Dr. David Hoppe, University of Minnesota-Morris

  18. Dr. David Hoppe, University of Minnesota-Morris

  19. Causes of Malformations • genetic origins • parasite disruption of limb formation • chemical contamination • viruses • ultraviolet radiation • physical trauma (predation, people)

  20. Trematode (flatworm) cysts have been demonstrated to cause problems in limb bud development in tadpoles Dr. Stanley K. Sessions, Hartwick College

  21. Dr. Stanley K. Sessions, Hartwick College

  22. Possible Chemical Contaminants • agrochemicals • heavy metals • acid rain • chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs)

  23. Types of Agrochemicals • herbicides Maneb-fungicide • pesticides propylthiourea • fertilizers Dr. Stanley K. Sessions, Hartwick College

  24. Types of Agrochemicals applications of the herbicide atrazine have led to egg mortality and tadpole deformities (Hazelwood 1970) Dr. Stanley K. Sessions, Hartwick College

  25. Where have all the frogs gone?Global Anuran Decline • a concern during the past decade • frog declines widespread and well-documented • possible causes include habitat destruction, increased UV radiation, and chemical contamination

  26. Global Population Declines • Loss of habitat from filling in wetlands to create more farmland for crops, and to build more houses and roads (Case of the Vanishing Frogs, T. Halliday and W. R. Heyer).

  27. Global Population Declines • Increasing ultraviolet radiation • Pollution by chemicals • Acid rain • Pathogens • Parasites • Introduction of non-native species

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