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癌症的形成原因 癌症形成的原因相當的複雜 細胞核基因的異常是導致癌症發生的基本原因

癌症與遺傳. 癌症的形成原因 癌症形成的原因相當的複雜 細胞核基因的異常是導致癌症發生的基本原因 在人體細胞中,所有謂的致癌基因 (oncogen) 和抑癌基因 (tumor suppressor gene) 。致癌基因或是抑癌基因的缺損或是變異容易導致癌症的發生 癌症發生的相關危險因子 遺傳 家族性大腸息肉症 (Familial polyposis syndrome) (大腸癌) 母親或是姊妹有乳癌患者,則罹患乳癌的比率也會大為提高 放射線 核爆生還者罹患血癌的比例大為提高 放射線碘容易引起甲狀腺癌. 病毒感染

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癌症的形成原因 癌症形成的原因相當的複雜 細胞核基因的異常是導致癌症發生的基本原因

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  1. 癌症與遺傳 • 癌症的形成原因 • 癌症形成的原因相當的複雜 • 細胞核基因的異常是導致癌症發生的基本原因 • 在人體細胞中,所有謂的致癌基因(oncogen)和抑癌基因(tumor suppressor gene)。致癌基因或是抑癌基因的缺損或是變異容易導致癌症的發生 • 癌症發生的相關危險因子 • 遺傳 • 家族性大腸息肉症(Familial polyposis syndrome) (大腸癌) • 母親或是姊妹有乳癌患者,則罹患乳癌的比率也會大為提高 • 放射線 • 核爆生還者罹患血癌的比例大為提高 • 放射線碘容易引起甲狀腺癌

  2. 病毒感染 • B型、C型肝炎病毒帶原者較常人易引起肝癌 • Epstein-Barr病毒易引起Burkitt氏淋巴瘤(Burkitt´s lymphoma) • 人類乳突病毒(Human papilloma virus)易引起子宮頸癌 • HTLV-1人類T 細胞白血球第一型病毒感染者有一小部份會發生T細胞淋巴瘤 • (細菌感染)胃中特殊的幽門桿菌(Helicobacter pylori)和淋巴瘤 (MALToma) • 化學或藥物刺激 • 黃麴毒素易引起肝癌 • 石綿易引起肺癌和間皮瘤(mesothelioma) • 芳香族化合物和膀胱癌 • 硫酸會引起鼻咽癌

  3. 激素刺激 • 長期動情激素(estrogen)的刺激是子宮內膜癌和乳癌的危險因子之一 • 所以初經早、停經晚、和未生育小孩的婦女,其動情激素的刺激較久,發生子宮內膜癌和乳癌的機會較高 • 飲食因素 • 多食用青菜水果纖維素等已被證實有效降低癌症的發生率 • 飲食中過多脂肪容易肥胖,而肥胖容易導致脂溶性致癌毒性物質囤積在身體中有較高的致癌機會 • 過多的醃製食物,其致癌物質,如亞硝胺類等,也會增加,因而提高致癌的機會

  4. 行為因素 • 不良的行為,如抽煙、喝酒、嚼食檳榔等,會增加肺癌和食道癌的發生機會 • 多重性伴侶及危險性性行為等,會增加感染人類乳突病毒的機會,因而增加子宮頸癌的發生率

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  6. 95年國內十大死因 • 惡性腫瘤、腦血管疾病、心臟疾病、糖尿病、事故傷害、肺炎、慢性肝病及肝硬化、腎炎、腎徵候群及腎性病變、自殺、高血壓性疾病 • 前十大惡性腫瘤種類 • 肺癌、肝癌、結腸直腸癌、女性乳癌、胃癌、口腔癌、攝護腺癌、子宮頸癌、食道癌、胰臟癌 • 男性前十大惡性腫瘤種類 • 肝癌、肺癌、結腸直腸癌、口腔癌、胃癌、食道癌、攝護腺癌、胰臟癌、非何杰金淋巴癌、鼻咽癌 • 女性前十大惡性腫瘤種類 • 肺癌、肝癌、結腸直腸癌、女性乳癌、胃癌、子宮頸癌、胰臟癌、非何杰金淋巴癌、膽囊癌、卵巢癌

  7. Cellular oncogenes arise from proto-oncogenes • Proto-oncogenes are not bad genes • Normal genes for regulation of cell proliferation and survival • When it change the structure and activity by mutation: causing cancer • Gain-of-function mutation • First human cellular oncogene: RAS oncogen • Cellular oncogene and viral oncogene • RAS oncogene and v-ras

  8. Cellular oncogene arise mechanism: • point mutation • gene amplification • MYC gene family: MYC, MYCL, MYCN • ERBB2 gene amplification involved in 25% of all breast and ovarian cancers • MYCN gene amplication: neuroblastoma • chromosomal translocation • Philadelphia chromosome: chromosome 22 abnormal • DNA rearrangement • DNA deletions, insertions, transpositions, and inversions • TRK oncogene: fusion gene • Trk fusion protein • insertional mutagenesis • Cancer virus gene insertion

  9. Tumor suppressor genes: role in cell proliferation and cell deathe • Studies of inherited chromosomal defects and loss of heterozygosity have led to the identification of several tumor suppressor genes • Familial retinoblastoma • Loss of heterozygosity • Mitotic nondisjunction • Mitotic recombination • Gene conversion

  10. Cell cycle中有三個關卡 • G1/S checkpoint • 檢查DNA是否受損、細胞大小是否足夠 • 不正常就停下來等,正常就進入S期 • 原磷酸化蛋白質又恢復去磷酸化狀態,細胞停止分裂 • G2/M checkpoint • 檢查DNA是否複製完成,是否修補完成 • M checkpoint • 檢查紡錘絲系統是否完整 • 著絲點與紡錘絲是否相連完成 • 例如p53蛋白質

  11. Cancers vary in their gene expression profiles • Mutation • Epigenetic changes: switch on or off the expression of normal genes • Detected by DNA microarray • mRNA → cDNA → binding with a fluorescence dye → hybridization with chip • (gene expression profile) • Red dye: label cDNAs which from cancer cells • Green dye: label cDNAs which from normal cells • Mechanisms: may be by DNA methylation • -CG- undergo methylation, the transcription of adjacent genes is inhibited or silenced • Extensive methylation is often seen in cancer cells • Tumor suppressor genes are often to be silenced by methylation

  12. Summing up: the hallmarks of cancer • Self-sufficiency in growth signals: Ras-MAPK pathway • Insensitivity to antigrowth signals: Rb, TGF-beta • Evasion of apoptosis: P53, Bcl-2, MDM2 • Limitless replicative potential: telomerase • Sustained angiogenesis: VEGF • Tissue invasion and metastasis: E-cadherin

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