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Section 1-Guide to Reading 1

Section 1-Guide to Reading 1. In the last chapter, you learned about the people and economy of the South. In this section, you will learn about the Jackson presidency. Section 1-Guide to Reading 2.

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Section 1-Guide to Reading 1

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  1. Section 1-Guide to Reading 1 In the last chapter, you learned about the people and economy of the South. In this section, you will learn about the Jackson presidency.

  2. Section 1-Guide to Reading 2 • Adams and Jackson introduced new ways of campaigning in the elections of 1824 and 1828. (page 447) • The United States’s political system changed under Andrew Jackson, becoming more democratic. (page 448) • The fight over tariffs divided the nation and raised the question of states’ rights versus the rights of the federal government. (page 450)

  3. Section 1-Guide to Reading 3 Henry Clay Andrew Jackson John Quincy Adams John C. Calhoun  Daniel Webster Robert Hayne 

  4. Section 1-Guide to Reading 4 favorite son plurality  mudslinging landslide suffrage bureaucracy  spoils system caucus  tariff  nullify secede  role  issue 

  5. Section 1-Daily Lesson Notes 1 In United States history, there are two women who have been both the wife of a president as well as the mother of one: Abigail Adams and Barbara Bush.

  6. I. The Elections of 1824 and 1828 (pages 447–448) Section 1-Daily Lesson Notes 2 A. In the election of 1824 Henry Clay, Andrew Jackson, and John Quincy Adams ran for president. They were known as favorite sons, meaning their home states supported them rather than the national party. B. Jackson won the most popular votes, but no one won the majority, or more than half, of the electoral votes. Jackson won 99 electoral votes, giving him a plurality, or the largest single share. In this situation, the House of Representatives selects the president.

  7. I. The Elections of 1824 and 1828 (pages 447–448) Section 1-Daily Lesson Notes 3

  8. I. The Elections of 1824 and 1828 (pages 447–448) Section 1-Daily Lesson Notes 4 C. Henry Clay used his influence as Speaker of the House to defeat Jackson, so Adams was elected. In return, Adams named Clay secretary of state. Jackson’s followers accused Clay and Adams of making “a corrupt bargain.” This issue cast a shadow over Adams’s presidency, and Congress turned down many of his proposals.

  9. I. The Elections of 1824 and 1828 (pages 447–448) Section 1-Daily Lesson Notes 5 • By the 1828 election there were two political parties: the Democratic-Republicans, who supported Jackson, and the National Republicans, who supported Adams. Democrats favored states’ rights; the National Republicans wanted a strong central government. E. During the election, both parties resorted to mudslinging, attempts to ruin their opponent’s reputation with insults. F.John C. Calhoun switched parties to run with Jackson in the election. Jackson won by a landslide—an overwhelming victory.

  10. I. The Elections of 1824 and 1828 (pages 447–448) Section 1-Daily Lesson Notes 6 How did Adams win the presidency in 1824? Because no candidate received a majority vote, the House of Representatives had to select the president. Henry Clay used his influence to help Adams get elected.

  11. II. Jackson as President (pages 448–449) Section 1-Daily Lesson Notes 7 A. Jackson was a popular president. Many Americans admired him, and he had gained fame with his defeat of the Creek Nation and the British during the War of 1812. B. During Jackson’s first term, a spirit of equality spread through American politics.

  12. II. Jackson as President (pages 448–449) Section 1-Daily Lesson Notes 8 C.Suffrage, or the right to vote, changed during the early 1800s. In 1815 many states relaxed the property requirements for voting. In the 1820s, people who had not been allowed to vote, such as white male sharecroppers, voted for the first time. By 1828, 22 of the 24 states changed their constitutions to allow the people, rather than the state legislatures, to choose presidential electors.

  13. II. Jackson as President (pages 448–449) Section 1-Daily Lesson Notes 9 D. Democrats wanted to shake up the federal bureaucracy, a system in which nonelected officials carry out laws. The Democrats argued that ordinary citizens could handle any government job. E. Jackson replaced many federal workers with his supporters. This practice became known as the spoils system.

  14. II. Jackson as President (pages 448–449) Section 1-Daily Lesson Notes 10 F. Jackson’s supporters abandoned the caucus system, in which political candidates were chosen by committees made up of members of Congress. The caucuses were replaced by nominating conventions, in which delegates from the states selected the party’s presidential candidate. G. Democrats held their first national party convention in 1832. The delegates decided to nominate the candidate who received two-thirds of the vote, and Jackson won the nomination.

  15. II. Jackson as President (pages 448–449) Section 1-Daily Lesson Notes 11 What was the spoils system and why did it anger people? The spoils system was the practice of replacing government employees with the winning candidate’s supporters. The practice angered fired employees, who thought Jackson was acting like a tyrant.

  16. III. The Tariff Debate (pages 450–451) Section 1-Daily Lesson Notes 12 A. In 1828, Americans disagreed about the tariff—a fee paid by merchants who imported goods. The Northeast wanted the tariff, because it made their manufactured goods less expensive than imported goods. Southerners did not like the tariff since there were fewer manufacturers in the South that would benefit.

  17. III. The Tariff Debate (pages 450–451) Section 1-Daily Lesson Notes 13 B. Vice President John C. Calhoun argued that a group of states had the right to nullify, or cancel, a federal law it considered against state interests. Some Southerners wanted the Southern states to secede, or break away, from the United States. C. John C. Calhoun argued that the states had the power to decide whether federal laws were constitutional. If states could not do this, then the Supreme Court or Congress would be left to interpret the Constitution.

  18. III. The Tariff Debate (pages 450–451) Section 1-Daily Lesson Notes 14 D.Daniel Webster, a senator from Massachusetts, argued against nullification, challenging a speech defending nullification by Robert Hayne, a senator from South Carolina. E. Jackson declared in 1830 that the federal union should be preserved, though Calhoun felt that liberty should take priority over the Union’s fate. Calhoun resigned the vice presidency after winning a seat in the Senate in 1832.

  19. III. The Tariff Debate (pages 450–451) Section 1-Daily Lesson Notes 15 F. Congress passed a lower tariff in 1832 to appease the South, but Southern leaders still protested. They passed the Nullification Act, refusing to pay what they thought were illegal tariffs. G. Jackson then supported a compromise bill to lower the tariff. He had Congress pass a Force Bill, allowing military action to enforce acts of Congress. South Carolina then nullified the Force Act.

  20. III. The Tariff Debate (pages 450–451) Section 1-Daily Lesson Notes 16 Why did Southerners oppose the tariff? Because there were fewer manufacturers in the South, they did not benefit from increased sales. They also argued that tariffs meant higher prices.

  21. Section 1-Section Review 1 • The election of 1824 was widely seen as corrupt, and the election of 1828 ushered a president to power who identified with much of the American public. • Elections became more democratic as caucuses were eradicated and suffrage was extended to more voters. • The introduction of a tariff on imported goods caused many Southerners to turn against the government and lobby for state rights.

  22. Section 2-Guide to Reading 1 In Section 1, you learned about some of the actions Andrew Jackson took as president. In Section 2, you will learn about his policies toward Native Americans. • As settlements spread westward, many Native Americans were forced off their lands. (page 453) • Some groups of Native Americans attempted to resist relocation. Most were eventually taken from their lands by force. (page 455)

  23. Section 2-Guide to Reading 2 Black Hawk Osceola relocate guerrilla tactics federal remove

  24. Section 2-Daily Lesson Notes 1 In their war against the United States, the Seminoles used guerrilla tactics, making surprise attacks and then retreating back to the forests. The word guerrilla comes from the Spanish word for war, guerra. The word was first used to describe Spanish-Portuguese rebels who helped the British drive the French from the Iberian Peninsula during the wars of 1809–1813.

  25. I. Moving Native Americans (pages 453–454) Section 2-Daily Lesson Notes 2 A. Many Native Americans still lived in the southeastern part of the United States in the 1830s. These tribes, called the Five Civilized Tribes, established successful farming communities. B. The area west of the Mississippi River was dry and seemed unsuitable for farming, so few white Americans lived there. Settlers wanted the federal government to relocate the Native Americans of the Southeast to this area. President Andrew Jackson supported the settlers.

  26. I. Moving Native Americans (pages 453–454) Section 2-Daily Lesson Notes 3 C. In 1830 Congress passed the Indian Removal Act, which allowed the federal government to pay Native Americans to move west. D. In 1834 Congress created the Indian Territory, an area in present-day Oklahoma, for the Native Americans of the Southeast.

  27. I. Moving Native Americans (pages 453–454) Section 2-Daily Lesson Notes 4 E. After the arrival of the Europeans, the Cherokee had agreed to become a separate nation within Georgia called the Cherokee Nation. There they had their own schools, newspaper, and constitution. A Cherokee named Sequoya created the Cherokee alphabet. F. The Cherokee Nation refused to give up its land in Georgia and sued the state. The case went to the Supreme Court, which ruled that Georgia had no right to interfere with the Cherokee.

  28. I. Moving Native Americans (pages 453–454) Section 2-Daily Lesson Notes 5 G. President Jackson vowed to ignore the Supreme Court and remove the Cherokee. H. In 1835 the federal government convinced a few Cherokee to sign a treaty giving up the land, but many Cherokee refused to comply with the treaty. I. In 1838 federal troops went to Georgia to remove the Cherokee. Under threat of military action, the Cherokee began the march west. Many Cherokee died on the journey. This forced march is known as the Trail of Tears.

  29. I. Moving Native Americans (pages 453–454) Section 2-Daily Lesson Notes 6 Click the map to view a dynamic version.

  30. I. Moving Native Americans (pages 453–454) Section 2-Daily Lesson Notes 7 How did the Cherokee get the land in Georgia? The Cherokee received land in Georgia through treaties with the United States government in the 1790s. The federal government had recognized the Cherokee people as a separate nation with their own laws.

  31. II. Native American Resistance (pages 455–457) Section 2-Daily Lesson Notes 8 A.Black Hawk, a Sauk chieftain, led a force of Sauk and Fox people to Illinois to reclaim land, but federal troops defeated them. B. The Seminole were the only Native Americans who successfully resisted their removal. The Seminole chief Osceola refused to sign the treaties to give up their land.

  32. II. Native American Resistance (pages 455–457) Section 2-Daily Lesson Notes 9 C. In 1835 the Seminole joined forces with a group of African Americans who had escaped from slavery. They attacked white settlements on the Florida coast using guerrilla tactics, making surprise attacks and then retreating into the forests. D. In the Dade Massacre of 1835, the Seminole ambushed soldiers, killing most of them.

  33. II. Native American Resistance (pages 455–457) Section 2-Daily Lesson Notes 10 E. By 1842 more than 1,500 American soldiers had died in the Seminole wars. The government gave up and allowed the Seminole to remain in Florida. F. However, many of the Seminole had been killed or captured and forced to move west. After 1842 only a few groups of Native Americans lived east of the Mississippi.

  34. II. Native American Resistance (pages 455–457) Section 2-Daily Lesson Notes 11 G. The Native Americans who were relocated west lived on reservations—land set aside for use by Native Americans. H. The Five Civilized Tribes in present-day Oklahoma set up their own governments and built schools.

  35. II. Native American Resistance (pages 455–457) Section 2-Daily Lesson Notes 12 Why were the Seminole efforts ineffective? Even though the federal government gave up and let the Seminole have their land in Florida, many Seminole had been killed or captured, and few remained in Florida.

  36. Section 2-Section Review 1 • Native Americans’ requests to remain on their lands were refused, and they were often forcibly removed. • Native Americans often resisted, waging war against the United States in an attempt to keep their land.

  37. Section 3-Guide to Reading 1 In Section 2, you learned about the removal of Native Americans to Western lands. In this section, you will learn about Jackson’s fight with the National Bank and the election of the Whigs to power. • President Jackson forced the National Bank to close, and the Panic of 1837 caused economic problems that split the Democratic Party. (page 459) • After Harrison’s death, Tyler took the presidency in a direction opposed to the Whigs’ goals, and the Whigs lost power after 1844. (page 461)

  38. Section 3-Guide to Reading 2 Nicholas Biddle Martin Van Buren William Henry Harrison John Tyler veto depression laissez-faire contribute  symbol 

  39. Section 3-Daily Lesson Notes 1 President William Henry Harrison is most known for catching a cold at his inauguration that turned into pneumonia and killed him. He was the first president to die in office. He was also the only president to have studied to become a doctor.

  40. I. War Against the Bank (pages 459–460) Section 3-Daily Lesson Notes 2 A. President Andrew Jackson had criticized the Bank of the United States as being an organization of wealthy Easterners over which ordinary citizens had no control. B. The bank’s president, Nicholas Biddle, represented everything Jackson disliked. C. In the election of 1832, Henry Clay and Daniel Webster planned to use the bank to defeat Jackson. They believed the bank had popular support and an attempt by Jackson to take away its charter would lead to his defeat.

  41. I. War Against the Bank (pages 459–460) Section 3-Daily Lesson Notes 3 D.Martin Van Buren, a friend of Jackson’s, was with Jackson when he received the bill to renew the bank’s charter. Jackson vetoed, or rejected, the bill. E. Although the Supreme Court ruled the bank constitutional, Jackson felt it was unconstitutional and publicly opposed the ruling. F. Clay and Webster’s plan to defeat Jackson backfired because most people supported Jackson’s veto. Jackson was elected president, and Martin Van Buren was elected vice president.

  42. I. War Against the Bank (pages 459–460) Section 3-Daily Lesson Notes 4 G. After the election, Jackson ordered the withdrawal of all government deposits at the bank and placed the funds in smaller state banks. H. The Democrats chose Martin Van Buren as their candidate in the election of 1836, but he faced bitter opposition from the Whigs, a new political party. Jackson’s popularity and his support of Van Buren helped Van Buren win the election.

  43. I. War Against the Bank (pages 459–460) Section 3-Daily Lesson Notes 5 I. Two months after the election, the United States entered a depression, a period in which business and employment fall to a very low level, that began with the Panic of 1837. J. President Van Buren believed in the principle of laissez-faire—that government should interfere as little as possible in the nation’s economy. K. Van Buren persuaded Congress to establish an independent federal treasury in 1840 to guard against further bank crises. This decision received criticism from the Democratic Party.

  44. I. War Against the Bank (pages 459–460) Section 3-Daily Lesson Notes 6 What was Clay and Webster’s strategy to defeat Jackson? Clay and Webster convinced the president of the Bank of the United States to apply for a charter early, knowing that Jackson would refuse it. They thought people would dislike Jackson for refusing the charter.

  45. II. The Whigs Come to Power (page 461) Section 3-Daily Lesson Notes 7 A.William Henry Harrison was the Whig candidate in the election of 1840, and his running mate was John Tyler. B. Harrison was portrayed as a common man even though he was wealthy, and he won the election. C. Harrison died about a month after his inauguration, and John Tyler became president.

  46. II. The Whigs Come to Power (page 461) Section 3-Daily Lesson Notes 8 • As president, Tyler backed states’ rights and vetoed several Whig-sponsored bills. This lack of party loyalty angered the Whigs, and most of Tyler’s cabinet resigned. E. The Whigs could not agree on their party’s goals, and in four years Tyler lost the election to a Democrat and the Whigs were out of power.

  47. II. The Whigs Come to Power (page 461) Section 3-Daily Lesson Notes 9 Why did Tyler anger his party? Tyler backed states’ rights and vetoed Whig-sponsored bills.

  48. Section 3-Section Review 1 • Jackson waged a war against the Bank and won not only his side of the war but the election of 1832 as well. • Criticism over Van Buren’s response to the Panic of 1837 brought the Whigs to power, but dissension among members of the party helped a Democrat to win the next election.

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