Southern Africa

1. CHAPTER 24 Southern Africa Section 1: Natural Environments Section 2: History and Culture Section 3: The Region Today

2. SECTION 1 Natural Environments Question: What resources can be found in southern Africa?

3. SECTION 1 copper and iron in Zambia petroleum in Angola Resources of Southern Africa diamonds in South Africa, Botswana, and Namibia coal in South Africa & Zimbabwe gold and platinum in South Africa Natural Environments

4. Section 1 Natural Environments Objectives: • What are the main landforms and rivers of southern Africa? • What climates, biomes, and natural resources are found in the region?

5. Section 1 Natural Environments Landforms and rivers: • coastal plain • high plateau • escarpment—separates plain from plateau; includes Drakensberg range • Orange River—flows west to Atlantic; hydroelectricity, irrigation • Limpopo River—to Indian Ocean • Zambezi River—Victoria Falls

6. Section 1 Natural Environments Climates, biomes, and resources: • tropical wet and dry and semiarid climates; Mediterranean at Cape Town • Madagascar—tropical rainforest biome, with many species • desert biomes—Namib, Kalahari • Okavango Swamps—rich in plants and animals • grassland veld of South Africa • plentiful energy and minerals—oil, coal, hydropower, gold, platinum, diamonds, copper, iron

7. Section 2 History and Culture Objectives: • What are some important events in the history of southern Africa? • What are the region’s cultures like?

8. Section 2 History and Culture History: key events • Bantu migrations, beginning around A.D. 100 • arrival of Portuguese traders in the 1400s • Dutch settlement at Cape Town (1652), followed by other Europeans • Boer War (1899–1902) between British and Dutch settlers • independence—South Africa (1910), Angola and Mozambique (1970s), Zimbabwe (1980) • civil wars in Mozambique and Angola • end of apartheid in South Africa; election of Nelson Mandela (1994)

9. Section 2 History and Culture Cultural features: • Bantu languages widely spoken; governments often rely on European languages • religion—traditional practices, Christianity, Islam, Hinduism • denser population in wetter eastern portion • traditional villages surround kraal (pen) • cities have European origins

10. Section 3 The Region Today Objectives: • What are the main economic activities in southern Africa? • What are the region’s cities like? • What challenges face the people of southern Africa?

11. SECTION 3 Southern Africa’s Economies Mineral exports Tourism Informal Sector • gold in South Africa • oil in Angola • diamonds in Botswana • copper in Zambia • game parks in Botswana, Namibia, South Africa, and Zimbabwe • tropical islands of Comoros, Mauritius, and Seychelles • foods and fruits, souvenirs • services such as car repair • found in the region’s large cities The Region Today

12. Section 3 The Region Today Economic activities: • South Africa is the most developed and diversified; Mozambique is the least. • Farming is the chief activity, mostly subsistence but some commercial—tobacco, coffee, vanilla. • Minerals and oil are increasingly important—gold, oil, diamonds, copper. • Informal sector plays a key role. • Tourism is important—wild game parks, beaches.

13. Section 3 The Region Today Urban environments: • great contrasts—wealthy suburbs, modern downtown areas, large slums • shantytowns—despite poverty, many are well-organized • Johannesburg—largest urban area; industrial center • townships—Apartheid-era areas for non-white South Africans

14. Section 3 The Region Today Challenges • poverty and its effects • urbanization—overcrowding and pollution • droughts and floods • deforestation and species loss in Madagascar • spread of HIV