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Structure & Function of Cells

Structure & Function of Cells. Cell Wall Strong, stiff outer layer of a plant cell. Made of cellulose. Protects and supports the cell. Does allow water, oxygen, carbon dioxide and other dissolved materials to pass in and out of the cell. Cell wall. Cell Membrane

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Structure & Function of Cells

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  1. Structure & Function of Cells

  2. Cell Wall • Strong, stiff outer layer of a plant cell. • Made of cellulose. • Protects and supports the cell. • Does allow water, oxygen, carbon dioxide and other dissolved materials to pass in and out of the cell. Cell wall

  3. Cell Membrane • Thin membrane that surrounds the cell. • In plant cells, it is found just inside the cell wall. • It is the outer covering of animal cells. • Provides support and protection for the cell. • Allows materials to pass in and out of the cell. • Found in both animal and plant cells. Cell membrane

  4. Nucleus • A large, oval structure. • Known as the control center of the cell. • Acts as the “brain” of the cell by regulating or controlling all of the activities of the cell. • Found in animal and plant cells.

  5. Nuclear Membrane • Thin membrane that surrounds the nucleus. • Allows materials to pass in and out of the nucleus. • Found in both plant and animal cells. Nuclear membrane

  6. Nucleolus • A “little nucleus” inside the nucleus. • Produces ribosomes which are involved in protein production. • Found in plant and animal cells.

  7. Chromosomes • Thick, rodlike structures found in the nucleus that are made of nucleic acids or DNA and RNA. • Direct all cell activities, including growth and reproduction. • Pass on the traits of the cell. • Found in both animal and plant cells. Chromosomes

  8. Cytoplasm • Clear, thick, jellylike substance found between the cell membrane and the nucleus. • Protects and supports the organelles and moves materials around inside of the cell. • Is constantly flowing within the cell. • Found in both types of cells. Cytoplasm

  9. Endoplasmic Reticulum • Clear, tubular passageways that lead out of the nuclear membrane. • Transportation system of the cell. • Carries proteins around and out of the cell. • Found in both types of cells Endoplasmic Reticulum

  10. Ribosomes • Round, grainlike bodies. • Mostly found attached to the endoplasmic reticulum, but can be found floating freely in the cytoplasm. • Made primarily of RNA. • Are the protein-making sites of the cell. • Found in both plant and • animal cells.

  11. Golgi Apparatus • Consists of folded membranes that look like a stack of pancakes. • Modifies proteins, transports lipids and creates lysosomes. • Found in animal and plant cells. Golgi Apparatus

  12. Mitochondria • Rod-shaped structures. • Called the “powerhouses” of the cell. • They supply energy for the cell by breaking down sugar into water and carbon dioxide. • Some very active cells that require a lot of energy, like liver cells, may have more than 1000 mitochondria. • Found in animal and plant cells.

  13. Vacuoles • Water-filled sacs. • Plant cells usually have one large vacuole. • Animal cells have a few small, round vacuoles. • Store water, food, waste and other materials. Vacuole Animal cell Plant cell

  14. Lysosomes • Small, round structures. • The “cleanup crews” of the cell. • Digest food, old cell parts and even whole damaged or dead cells. • Common in animal cells, but very rarely seen in plant cells. Lysosomes

  15. Chloroplasts • Large, irregularly shaped green structures. • Contain chlorophyll which captures the energy of sunlight and makes food for the cell through photosynthesis. • Found only in plant cells. Chloroplast

  16. Levels of Organization 1st level – cell 2nd level – tissue 3rd level – organ 4th level – organ system 5th level - organism

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