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Biological macromolecules

Biological macromolecules. Macromolecules are large molecules made up of repeating subunits . Subunits are joined together by covalent bonds. Anabolic reactions involve the creation of macromolecules from smaller subunits.

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Biological macromolecules

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  1. Biological macromolecules • Macromolecules are large molecules made up of repeating subunits. • Subunits are joined together by covalent bonds. • Anabolic reactions involve the creation of macromolecules from smaller subunits. • Catabolic reactions involve the breakdown of macromolecules into smaller subunits. • These reactions usually involve a catalyst, called an enzyme.

  2. CONDENSATION REACTIONS • Also called dehydration synthesisreaction. • Anabolic • Always involve the creation of water. • REQUIRE energy.

  3. Condensation/Dehydration Synth. • Involves the removal of hydrogen from one end of a subunit and the removal of a hydroxyl group from the other end of the other subunit. H HO OH O O HO H2O energy H O O HO O

  4. HYDROLYSIS REACTIONS • Reverse condensation reactions. • Catabolic • Involves the breaking of macromolecules into subunits by the addition of water. • RELEASE energy. H2O HO H HO H OH HO HO energy

  5. Redox reaction • A reaction in which one atom transfers an electron/electrons to another atom. Oxidation and reduction both occur. • Oxidation: an atom loses one or more electrons. • Reduction: an atom gains one or more electrons.

  6. REDOX REACTIONS • Easily seen in ionicreactions: • Na + Cl [Na]+[Cl]-

  7. REDOX REACTIONS • Oxidizing agent: the substance that gains an electron; it forces another atoms to become oxidized. • Reducing agent: the substance that loses an electron; it forces another atom to become reduced.

  8. REDOX REACTIONS • Also happen in covalent systems, even though the electrons are not transferred. • The unequal sharing of electrons in a polar bond is considered to be a loss or a gain of electrons. • Ex. process of energy conversion, ex. cellular respiration and photosynthesis.

  9. NEUTRALIZATION REACTION • In the living cell, neutral is better, the body uses buffers to resist significant changes in pH. • Buffers are chemical systems that can donate/remove H+ ions when required to shift a solution from being too acidic or basic. • The products of a neutralization reaction are water and a salt. • NaOH(s) + HCl(g) --> H2O(l) + NaCl(aq)‏

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