Advanced Flow of Control Introduction

1. Advanced Flow of ControlIntroduction • Two additional mechanisms for controlling process execution are exceptions and threads • Lecture focuses on: • exception processing • catching and handling exceptions • creating new exceptions • separate process threads • synchronizing threads • Thread Priority • Grouping Threads

2. Exceptions • An exception is an object that describes an unusual or erroneous situation • Exceptions are thrown by a program, and may be caught and handled by another part of the program • A program can therefore be separated into a normal execution flow and an exceptionexecutionflow • An error is also represented as an object in Java, but usually represents a unrecoverable situation and should not be caught

3. Exception Handling • A program can deal with an exception in one of three ways: • ignore it • handle it where it occurs • handle it in another place in the program • The manner in which an exception is processed is an important design consideration

4. Exception Handling • If an exception is ignored by the program, the program will terminate and produce an appropriate message • The message includes a call stack trace that indicates on which line the exception occurred • The call stack trace also shows the method call trail that lead to the execution of the offending line • See Zero.javaThe Application

5. The try Statement • To process an exception when it occurs, the line that throws the exception is executed within a tryblock • A try block is followed by one or more catchclauses, which contain code to process an exception • Each catch clause has an associated exception type • When an exception occurs, processing continues at the first catch clause that matches the exception type • See Adding.javaThe Application

6. Exception Propagation • If it is not appropriate to handle the exception where it occurs, it can be handled at a higher level • Exceptions propagate up through the method calling hierarchy until they are caught and handled or until they reach the outermost level • A try block that contains a call to a method in which an exception is thrown can be used to catch that exception • See Propagation_Demo.java The Application

7. Exceptions • Exceptions can be RuntimeExceptions (defined in java.lang) or non- Runtime exceptions such IO exceptions • Runtime exceptions are those exceptions that occur within the Java runtime system. • This includes arithmetic exceptions (such as when dividing by zero), pointer exceptions (such as trying to access an object through a null reference), and indexing exceptions (such as attempting to access an array element through an index that is too large or too small).

8. Exceptions • An exception is either checkedor unchecked • A checked exception (non-RuntimeExceptions) can only be thrown within a try block or within a method that is designated to throw that exception. • IO exceptions are checked (IOException classes in java.io and java.net) • Checked exceptions must be listed in the method’s throws clause. Echo.java • The compiler will complain if a checked exception is not specified in the throws clause • An unchecked exception does not require explicit handling, though it could be processed that way

9. The throw Statement • A programmer can define an exception by extending the appropriate class • Exceptions are thrown using the throw statement: throw exception-object; • See Throw_Demo.java The Application • Usually a throw statement is nested inside an if statement that evaluates the condition to see if the exception should be thrown

10. The finally Clause • A try statement can have an optional clause designated by the reserved word finally • If no exception is generated, the statements in the finally clause are executed after the statements in the try block complete • Also, if an exception is generated, the statements in the finally clause are executed after the statements in the appropriate catch clause complete

11. Threads • Processing can be broken into several separate threads of control which execute at the same time • "At the same time" could mean true parallelism or simply interlaced concurrent processing • A thread is one sequential flow of execution that occurs at the same time another sequential flow of execution is processing the same program • They are not necessarily executing the same statements at the same time See the Threads linkThe life-Cycle of a Thread

12. Threads • A thread can be created by deriving a new thread from the Thread class • The run method of the thread defines the concurrent activity, but the start method is used to begin the separate thread process • See Simultaneous.javaThe Application • A thread can also be created by defining a class that implements the Runnable interface • By implementing the interface, the thread class can be derived from a class other than Thread • See the Threads tutorial link

13. Shared Data • Potential problems arise when multiple threads share data • Specific code of a thread may execute at any point relative to the processing of another thread • If that code updates or references the shared data, unintended processing sequences can occur that result in incorrect results

14. task: withdraw 300 Is amount <= balance YES balance -= 300 balance 531 231 -69 task: withdraw 300 Is amount <= balance YES balance -= 300 Shared Data • Consider two withdrawals from the same bank account at the same time

15. Synchronization • Multiple threads of control can be made safe if areas of code that use shared data are synchronized • When a set of code is synchronized, then only one thread can be using that code at a time • The other threads must wait until the first thread is complete • This is an implementation of a synchronization mechanism called a monitor • See ATM_Accounts.javaThe Application

16. Controlling Threads • Thread processing can be temporarily suspended, then later resumed, using methods from the Thread class • A thread can also be put to sleep for a specific amount of time • These mechanisms can be quite helpful in certain situations, like controlling animations • See Bouncing_Ball2.javaThe Applet

17. Thread Priority • The Java runtime supports a very simple, deterministic CPU scheduling algorithm known as fixed priority scheduling • This algorithm schedules threads based on their priority relative to other runnable threads • When a Java thread is created, it inherits its priority from the thread that created it • Thread priorities are integers ranging between MIN_PRIORITY (0) and MAX_PRIORITY (10) • You can modify a thread's priority at any time after its creation using the setPriority method of the Thread class

18. Thread Priority • the runtime system chooses the runnable thread with the highest priority for execution • If two threads of the same priority are waiting for the CPU, the scheduler chooses one of them to run in a round-robin fashion • The chosen thread will run until one of the following conditions is true: • A higher priority thread becomes runnable. • It yields, or its run method exits. • On systems that support time-slicing, its time allotment has expired

19. Thread Priority • The Java runtime system's thread scheduling algorithm is also preemptive. If at any time a thread with a higher priority than all other runnable threads becomes runnable, the runtime system chooses the new higher priority thread for execution • you should try to write "well-behaved" threads that voluntarily relinquish the CPU periodically and give other threads an opportunity to run • you should never write Java code that relies on time-sharing--this will practically guarantee that your program will give different results on different computer systems.

20. Synchronizing Threads • The Producer/Consumer Example • Using the notifyAll and wait Methods • Avoid Starvation and Deadlock

21. Grouping Threads • Every Java thread is a member of a thread group • Thread groups provide a mechanism for collecting multiple threads into a single object and manipulating those threads all at once, rather than individually • the runtime system automatically places the new thread in the same group as the thread that created it (known as the current thread group • When a Java application first starts up, the Java runtime system creates a ThreadGroup named main

22. Grouping Threads • If you create a thread within an applet, the new thread's group may be something other than main, depending on the browser or viewer that the applet is running • Many browsers allocate a thread for each applet on a page. Some browsers allocate a thread group for each applet, so that it's easy to kill all the threads that belong to a particular applet • In any case, you're guaranteed that every thread that any of an applet's major milestone methods creates belongs to the same thread group

23. Grouping Threads • Creating a Thread Explicitly in a Group ThreadGroup myThreadGroup = new ThreadGroup("My Group of Threads"); Thread myThread = new Thread(myThreadGroup, "a thread for my group"); • Methods that Operate on All Threads within a Group The ThreadGroup class has three methods that allow you to modify the current state of all the threads within that group: • resume • stop • suspend

24. The hierarchy of threads and thread groups