ANNOUNCEMENTS Open lab tomorrow (11-1) and Thursday (11-12) Final exam is Monday

1. ANNOUNCEMENTS Open lab tomorrow (11-1) and Thursday (11-12) Final exam is Monday May 9 @ 10:10 – 12:00 Inaugural Speaker: Eugenie Scott, NCSE 4:00 in NULH “Evolution and Creationism” Allison Kupar

4. Plant Domestication Humans on earth for ~2 million years - hunted and gathered plant and animal foods Earliest domestications ~8000 - 12,000 years ago - in areas of abundant wild food resources How and why did agriculture happen then?

5. Major regions of plant domestication

6. Plant Domestication Proposed explanations for the timing of agriculture 1. accidental people saw seeds germinating in trash-heaps, caught on 2. cultural inevitableby-product of more settled way of life 3. ecological new conditions (ex. drought) made agriculture necessary

7. Plant Domestication • How does domestication happen? • Cultivation/management of wild populations • “Unconscious” selection through propagation • Conscious propagation of plants with desired traits • Now, hybridization, polyploidization, transgenics...

8. Plant Domestication • How does domestication happen? • Cultivation/management of wild populations • “Unconscious” selection through propagation • Conscious propagation of plants with desired traits • Now, hybridization, polyploidization, transgenics... Alternative perspective: the plants are using us!

9. Wild Rice - managed but not propagated

10. Cranberry bog

11. Huckleberry (Vaccinium)

12. Maize (Zea mays, Poaceae)

13. Maize - modifed by selection for “domestication” traits

15. Changes at just a few major genes cause most of the differences between maize and teosinte

16. Maize - further selection for increased yield etc. Teosinte Change in kernel number & size over 1500 years

17. Later in domestication: hybridization to introduce novel variation Example: wheat

18. Banana (Musa spp) – triploid interspecific hybrids

19. Musa balbisiana – Wild banana

20. Dwarf Cavendish (3N hybrid) banana with parthenocarpy

23. What changes during domestication? Traits directly related to human consumption - seeds: oil content, protein content, size, number - fruits: sugar content, oil content, size - leaves: tenderness, flavor - shoots: tenderness, flavor

24. Traits changed by artificial selection Brassica oleracea

25. What changes during domestication? • Traits related to agricultural yield selection for: • annual habit (crop every year) • lack of seed dormancy • self-compatibility (assured seed production) • sturdiness to withstand cultivation/harvesting • drought tolerance • storage • uniformity

26. Transgenics: a brief history 1952-1970: Structure, replication mechanism, and protein-defining code of DNA were solved. 1972 - 1st recombinant DNA molecules made 1973 - Amplification of recombinant DNA in E. coli 1975 - Asilomar Conference set standards for regulation of recombinant DNA technology 1985 - PCR technology published 1989 - Human Genome Project begun 1993 - FlavrSavr tomatoes (1st GMO food) in stores

27. What is recombinant DNA technology? • once a major concern, now routine • essential to modern biology • medically useful - e.g. insulin

28. What is a transgenic organism (GMO)?

29. What are some common GM crops? Round-Up (herbicide) tolerant soybeans etc.

30. What are some common GM crops? Bt (Bacillus thuringensis) corn, cotton etc. not-Bt Bt (corn-borer resistant)

31. How widespread are GM crops?

32. What are concerns with GM crops? • Evolution of resistance (Bt corn) • Introgression into wild relatives (corn, canola) • Direct impacts on non-GM relatives (salmon) • Introgression into non-GM crops (corn) • Human health impacts? • General extension of agribusiness hegemony • Loss of locally-adapted/diverse crop races • Loss of sustainable farming practices

33. Major regions of plant domestication

34. South America • potato (Solanaceae) • tomato (Solanaceae) • tomatillo (Solananceae) • pepper (Solanaceae) • pumpkin (Cucurbitaceae) • cassava (Euphorbiaceae!) • chocolate (Sterculiaceae) Theobroma cacao w/ fruits

35. Central/North America • beans (Fabaceae) • peanut (Fabaceae) • chayote (Cucurbitaceae) • hot peppers (Solanaceae) • maize/corn (Poaceae) • wild rice (Poaceae) • sweet potato (Convolvulaceae) • avocado (Lauraceae) Ipomaea flowers and sweet potatoes

36. Malaysia • mungbeans (Fabaceae) • blackeyed peas (Fabaceae) • eggplant (Solanaceae) • taro (Araceae) • yam (Dioscoriaceae) Dioscorea flowers and yams

37. Mediterranean • peas (Fabaceae) • beets (Chenopodicaceae) • cabbage (Brassicaceae) • turnip (Brassicaceae) • lettuce (Asteraceae) • artichoke (Asteraceae) • celery (Apiaceae) • parsnip (Apiaceae) • asparagus (Liliaceae)

38. Central Asia (North India, Afghanistan) • peas (Fabaceae) • mungbeans (Fabaceae) • mustard (Brassicaceae) • onion (Liliaceae) • garlic (Liliaceae) • spinach (Chenopodiaceae) • carrot (Apiaceae) • apples (Rosaceae) • apricots (Rosaceae)

39. China/SE Asia • soy bean (Fabaceae) • Chinese cabbage (Brassicacae) • radish (Brassicaceae) • cucumber (Cucurbitaceae) • Chinese yam (Dioscoriaceae) • rice (Poaceae) • peach (Rosaceae) • tea (Theaceae)

40. Ethiopia/East Africa • cowpeas (Fabaceae) • okra (Malvaceae) • millet (Poaceae) • coffee (Rubiaceae) okra flower and fruit

41. Middle East (Turkey, Jordan, Iran) • lentils (Fabaceae) • lupine (Fabaceae) • barley (Poaceae) • wheat (Poaceae)