Plant Evolution and Classification: Overview, Adaptations, and Life Cycles

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2. Resources Chapter Presentation Visual Concepts Transparencies Standardized Test Prep

3. Plant Evolution and Classification Chapter 28 Table of Contents Section 1 Overview of Plants Section 2 Nonvascular Plants Section 3 Vascular Plants

4. Section 1 Overview of Plants Chapter 28 Objectives • Namethree adaptations plants have made to life on land. • Summarizethe classification of plants. • Describealternation of generations.

5. Section 1 Overview of Plants Chapter 28 Adapting to Land • Three adaptations have allowed plants to be successful on land: • a waxy cuticle to prevent water loss by evaporation • haploid spores and diploid seeds to protect reproductive cells • special vascular tissues (tubes & vessels) called xylem and phloem for absorbing minerals from rocky surfaces and transporting materials within the plant.

6. Chapter 28 Vascular Tissue • Xylem: hollow, tubular cells stacked one on top of the other to form a structure called a vessel; transport water and dissolved substances to roots, stems, leaves • Phloem: tubular cells that are stacked to form structures called tubes; move food from where it is made to other parts of the plant where it is used or stored • Cambium: between xylem and phloem; produces new xylem and phloem

7. Section 1 Overview of Plants Chapter 28 Requirements for Plants to Survive on Land Click below to watch the Visual Concept. Visual Concept

8. Section 1 Overview of Plants Chapter 28 Classifying Plants • The 12 phyla of plants are divided into two groups based on the presence of vascular tissue. • The three phyla of nonvascular plants have neither true vascular tissue nor roots, stems, or leaves. • Most members of the nine phyla of vascular plants have vascular tissue (xylem and phloem) and true roots, stems, and leaves.

9. Section 1 Overview of Plants Chapter 28 Classifying Plants, continued • Vascular plants can be further divided into two groups, seedless plants and seed plants. • Seed plants include four phyla of gymnosperms and one phylum of angiosperms.

10. Section 1 Overview of Plants Chapter 28 Evolutionary Relationship Between Plants and Green Algae

11. Section 1 Overview of Plants Chapter 28 Alternating Life Cycles • All plants have a life cycle known as alternation of generations. • A haploid gametophyte produces gametes (by process of mitosis) Gametes unite and give rise to a diploid sporophyte. • Through meiosis, the sporophyte produces haploid spores, which develop into gametophytes. • The dominant generation in nonvascular plants is the gametophyte • The dominant generation in vascular plants is the sporophyte

12. Section 1 Overview of Plants Chapter 28 Alternation of Generations

13. Section 1 Overview of Plants Chapter 28 Life Cycles of Plants

14. Section 1 Overview of Plants Chapter 28 Alternation of Generations Click below to watch the Visual Concept. Visual Concept

15. Section 2 Nonvascular Plants Chapter 28 Objectives • Identifythe characteristics of bryophytes. • Describeplants in the phylum Bryophyta. • Describeplants in the phylum Hepatophyta. • Describeplants in the phylum Anthocerophyta.

16. Chapter 28 Seedless Nonvascular Plants • Don’t grow from seeds; just a few cells thick and only 2 to 5 cm in height; no flowers or cones ~ reproduce by spores Mosses Liverworts Hornworts

17. Section 2 Nonvascular Plants Chapter 28 Characteristics of Bryophytes • The three phyla of nonvascular plants are collectively calledbryophytes. • These plants do not have true roots, stems, or leaves. • They are very small and are usually found in moist areas.

18. Section 2 Nonvascular Plants Chapter 28 Characteristics of Nonvascular Plants Click below to watch the Visual Concept. Visual Concept

19. Section 2 Nonvascular Plants Chapter 28 Phylum Bryophyta… • …Are the mosses. • Mosses are attached to the soil/rocks by structures called rhizoids. • As pioneer plants mosses grow and die, decaying material builds up; this, along with the slow breakdown of rocks, builds soil ~ as a result, other organisms can move into the area! • Peat moss is a moss that has many uses. • Fuel • Mulch for garden or house plants • Packing material for plants

20. Section 2 Nonvascular Plants Chapter 28 Phylum Hepatophyta • Bryophytes in the phylum Hepatophyta areliverworts. • Liverworts lie close to the ground, which allows them to absorb water readily.

21. Section 2 Nonvascular Plants Chapter 28 Phylum Anthocerophyta • Bryophytes in the phylum Anthocerophyta arehornworts. • Hornworts do not have a stem or leaves. • Hornworts have long, thin, hornlike sporophytes that grow out of the top of the plant.

22. Section 2 Nonvascular Plants Chapter 28 Types of Nonvascular Plants Click below to watch the Visual Concept. Visual Concept

23. Section 2 Nonvascular Plants Chapter 28 Parts of a Moss Click below to watch the Visual Concept. Visual Concept

24. Section 3 Vascular Plants Chapter 28 Objectives • Describethe adaptive advantages that plants have over nonvascular plants. • Summarizethe characteristics of the four phyla of seedless vascular plants. • Statethe major differences between gymnosperms and angiosperms. • Determinewhy angiosperms have been so successful. • Comparemonocots and dicots.

25. Section 3 Vascular Plants Chapter 28 Vascular Plants • Vascular plants have several adaptive advantages over nonvascular plants, • including specialized conducting tissues, (xylem and phloem) • the ability to grow large and live in many environments, • and strong stems that allow them to grow tall and receive more sunlight.

26. Chapter 28 Seedless Vascular Plants • Reproduce by spores • Have long, tube-like cells (vascular tissue) that carry water, minerals, and food to cells throughout the plant • Can grow bigger and thicker because of this Epiphytes Club Mosses Horsetails Ferns

27. Section 3 Vascular Plants Chapter 28 Transporting Materials Throughout the Plant Click below to watch the Visual Concept. Visual Concept

28. Section 3 Vascular Plants Chapter 28 Characteristics of Vascular Plants Without Seeds Click below to watch the Visual Concept. Visual Concept

29. Section 3 Vascular Plants Chapter 28 Seedless Vascular Plants, continued • Phylum Psilophyta • The phylum Psilophyta is represented by whisk ferns. • Some areepiphytesthat grow on other plants.

30. Section 3 Vascular Plants Chapter 28 Seedless Vascular Plants, continued • Phylum Lycophyta • The phylum Lycophyta contains the club mosses. • Because they look like miniature pine trees, club mosses are also called ground pines.

31. Section 3 Vascular Plants Chapter 28 Seedless Vascular Plants, continued • Phylum Sphenophyta • Includes horsetails of the genus Equisetum. • Horsetails have jointed photosynthetic stems that contain silica, with scale like leaves at each joint.

32. Section 3 Vascular Plants Chapter 28 Seedless Vascular Plants, continued • Phylum Pteridophyta • Ferns belong to the phylum Pteridophyta and represent a diverse group. • Most ferns have an underground stem called arhizome.

33. Section 3 Vascular Plants Chapter 28 Parts of a Fern Click below to watch the Visual Concept. Visual Concept

34. Section 3 Vascular Plants Chapter 28 Types of Seedless Vascular Plants Click below to watch the Visual Concept. Visual Concept

35. Section 3 Vascular Plants Chapter 28 Vascular Seed Plants • Seeds enable plants to survive in a dormant state when conditions are not suitable for growth. • Seedsconsist of an embryo, a nutrient supply, and a protective coat • Gymnosperms (first land plants to develop seeds) are characterized by naked seeds (not enclosed in a fruit) and no flowers. • Angiospermshave flowers and seeds enclosed by a fruit.

36. Section 3 Vascular Plants Chapter 28 Characteristics of Vascular Plants With Seeds Click below to watch the Visual Concept. Visual Concept

37. Section 3 Vascular Plants Chapter 28 Characteristics of Gymnosperms Click below to watch the Visual Concept. Visual Concept

38. Section 3 Vascular Plants Chapter 28 Vascular Seed Plants, continued • Phylum Cycadophyta • Cycads are gymnosperms of the phylum Cycadophyta. • Although cycads flourished during the age of the dinosaurs, only about 100 species survive today.

39. Section 3 Vascular Plants Chapter 28 Vascular Seed Plants, continued • Phylum Ginkgophyta • Like cycads, ginkgoes flourished during the time of the dinosaurs. • The only species existing today is Ginkgo biloba, which is native to China.

40. Section 3 Vascular Plants Chapter 28 Vascular Seed Plants, continued • Phylum Coniferophyta • The conifers (the tallest trees in the world), which are gymnosperms of the phylum Coniferophyta, include pine, cedar, redwood, fir, spruce, juniper, cypress, and bald cypress trees. • They are important sources of wood, paper, turpentine, ornamental plants, and Christmas trees.

41. Section 3 Vascular Plants Chapter 28 Vascular Seed Plants, continued • Phylum Gnetophyta • Gnetophytes, an odd group of cone-bearing gymnosperms, have vascular systems that more closely resemble those of angiosperms.

42. Section 3 Vascular Plants Chapter 28 Needles and Cones Click below to watch the Visual Concept. Visual Concept

43. Section 3 Vascular Plants Chapter 28 Types of Gymnosperms Click below to watch the Visual Concept. Visual Concept

44. Section 3 Vascular Plants Chapter 28 Vascular Seed Plants, continued • Phylum Anthophyta • Anthophyta, the largest phylum of plants, includes over 240,000 species of flowering plants. • Angiosperms, or the flowering plants, are seed plants characterized by the presence of a flower and fruit.

45. Section 3 Vascular Plants Chapter 28 The Evolution of Angiosperms • Angiosperms have been successful for many reasons, including the production of fruit that protects seeds, quick germination, and an efficient vascular system.

46. Section 3 Vascular Plants Chapter 28 Characteristics of Angiosperms Click below to watch the Visual Concept. Visual Concept

47. Section 3 Vascular Plants Chapter 28 Types of Angiosperms Click below to watch the Visual Concept. Visual Concept

48. Section 3 Vascular Plants Chapter 28 Familiar Families of Angiosperms

49. Section 3 Vascular Plants Chapter 28 Flowering Plants are classified as Monocots and Dicots… • Dicotsare distinguished frommonocotson the basis of several characteristics: cotyledon number, leaf venation, arrangement of stem vascular tissue, and number of flower parts. • Monocots – one cotyledon used for food storage, e.g., corn, rice, wheat, barley, lilies, orchids, grass • Dicots – two cotyledons; shade trees, fruit trees; petunias; geraniums; snapdragons

50. Section 3 Vascular Plants Chapter 28 Characteristics of Monocots and Dicots