Chapter 2 Work-Oriented Methods

1. Chapter 2 Work-Oriented Methods • Work Oriented • What the worker does • Tasks, tools, machines, work context. • Compared to: • Worker oriented • What the worker needs • Worker attributes: SKAOs • Hybrid • Managers and teams Apple 651 Chapter 2 Work Oriented Methods

2. Work-Orientated • Time and motion Study • FJA • DOL • Fine’s DPT • Task Inventory • Comprehensive Occupational Data Analysis System • Work Performance Survey System • Critical Incidents Apple 651 Chapter 2 Work Oriented Methods

3. Work-Oriented • Time and Motion Study (Fred & Lillian Gilbreth) • Time study • Work Sampling (time on and off task) • Standard setting • Predetermined time systems (prior research) • Industry standard data • E.g. auto mechanic rates Apple 651 Chapter 2 Work Oriented Methods

4. Motion study • Graphs and flow charts • Micromotion analysis • Recording techniques • Video and photography • Criticism of time and motion study • Could we shorten the boring symphony piece by making it more efficient? • Couldn’t these jobs be done better by robots? Apple 651 Chapter 2 Work Oriented Methods

5. Functional Job Analysis • U.S. DoL • DOT • Handbook for Analyzing Jobs, ‘72 • FJA • What gets done and the worker does • An important distinction • WORKER FUNCTIONS (DPT) • Behaviors v. results • JOB ANALYSIS PROCEDURE • Using SMEs Apple 651 Chapter 2 Work Oriented Methods

6. JFA • DESCRIBING THE WORK • Work fields • Machine, tools, equipment, work aids • SENTENCE STRUCTURE AND ANALYSIS • (really important) • Verb, • immediate object • Infinitive phrase • Infinitive, object Apple 651 Chapter 2 Work Oriented Methods

7. FJA • OTHER CHARACTERISTICS OF THE DOL FJA • Education • Specific vocational prepration • Aptitudes • Temperaments • Interests • Physical demands and environmental conditions Apple 651 Chapter 2 Work Oriented Methods

8. FJAFine v. DoL • Sidney Fine’s method • Contains some features lacking in DoL • Level and orientation (level of involvement e.g. % time) • Complexity at the task level • DoL • Some worker attributes not in Sidney’s • Temperament • Environmental conditions Apple 651 Chapter 2 Work Oriented Methods

9. FJA research • DPT (very reliable for DP, not for T) • Things varied across jobs within occupations • Intellectual and perceptual requirements • reliable • Physical ability requirements • Not reliable • Provided description of virtually all jobs in U.S. • O*Net replaced it Apple 651 Chapter 2 Work Oriented Methods

10. Task Inventories • As many as 100 cf to FJA (5-10) • Useful in ‘20s to 40s for skilled trades • Usevul in ‘50s for USAF • CODAP • (Comprehensive Occupational Data Analysis Program) …a computerized program! • Useful for starting a job analysis Apple 651 Chapter 2 Work Oriented Methods

11. Work Orientatedtask analysis • SURVEY DESIGN • Background information • Sources: • observation, background materials, interviews • Structure of Tasks • Determining Appropriate level of Specificity • One of the most difficult things to do! • Selecting Response options • Demographic Data Apple 651 Chapter 2 Work Oriented Methods

12. Task Analysis • DATA ANALYSIS • Both CODAP and WPSS • Are computerized Apple 651 Chapter 2 Work Oriented Methods

13. Critical Incident Technique(Flannagan) • Context • Behavior • Consequences • Was Ferguson MO a good example or what! • See ‘tips for capturing Cis • RESEARCH ON CI TECHNIQUE • Collecting data from individuals or groups • Equally effective Apple 651 Chapter 2 Work Oriented Methods

14. CI RESEARCH • Information useful for • Constructing forms, e.g. Perf Appraisals • BOS scales (what are they?) • Identifying traits for selection Apple 651 Chapter 2 Work Oriented Methods