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Learning Objectives

Learning Objectives. Define integumentary system terminology Describe the function of the integumentary system Identify integumentary system structures and the function of each Identify methods used to assess the integumentary system Describe disorders of the integumentary system

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Learning Objectives

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  1. Learning Objectives • Define integumentary system terminology • Describe the function of the integumentary system • Identify integumentary system structures and the function of each • Identify methods used to assess the integumentary system • Describe disorders of the integumentary system • Describe three methods that can be used to maintain healthy skin • Identify three types of skin CA and at least five methods for prevention

  2. Structure The Integumentary system is composed of: * Skin – main organ * Accessory structures - Hair, Nails, Specialized glands, & Nerves

  3. Function • Functions of the integumentary system: Main function: - Protects the other body systems from injury and infection Other functions: • Helps the body maintain homeostasis by regulating temperature, retaining body fluids, and eliminating wastes • Perceive environment with sensory receptors • Store energy & Vitamins / produce Vitamin D from sun

  4. Structures of the Skin

  5. Skin • The largest organ of the body • Varies in thickness from 1/50 inch (0.5 mm) in the eyelids to 1/4 inch (6.3 mm) in the soles of the feet • Changes in the skin often indicate the presence of other body system disorders including anemia, respiratory disorders, liver disorders, cancer, and shock

  6. Layers of Skin • Epidermis (cuticle): • Outermost layer of the skin • Composed of a surface of dead cells with an underlying layer of living cells • Keratinocytes make up 90% -water repellant • Contains sebaceous and sudoriferous glands as well as hair follicles • Melanocytes (produces melanin) are located in the epidermis • Melanin: pigment that gives skin its color

  7. Layers of Skin (cont) • The surface of the epidermis is covered with a film composed of: - Oil - Sweat - Epithelial cells • Together these work to: - Lubricate - Hydrate - Provide antibacterial protection - Block toxic agents from entering the body

  8. Layers of Skin (Continued) • Dermis (corium) • Called the “true” skin • Contains the blood vessels and nerves • Each inch of skin contains 15 feet of blood vessels • Nerve endings in skin allow it to be sensitive to environmental stimuli • Subcutaneous • Innermost layer • Contains adipose, which cushions and insulates the body’s organs

  9. Hair and Hair Follicles • Skin has hair in all areas except the soles of the feet and palms of the hands • Hair blocks foreign particles from entering the body through structures such as the nose and eyes • Originate in the dermis • The visible portion is called the shaft • The hair follicle is the root with its covering • Tiny muscle attached at hair shaft causes “goose bumps” in response to cold or fear • Hair color & texture are inherited

  10. Glands • Three types of glands in the skin: • Sebaceous glands (oil) • Located everywhere except palms of hands and soles of feet • Sebum (oil) causes the skin to be soft and waterproof • Sudoriferous glands (sweat) • Help regulate the body temperature and excrete body wastes • Ceruminous glands • Located only in the auditory canal of the ear • Secrete wax that helps protect the ear from infection and prevents entry of foreign bodies

  11. AssessmentTechniques

  12. Assessment of the Skin Dermatology: Study of the Skin Dermatitis: general term for inflammation of the skin Skin disorders are generally uncomfortable & unattractive but not life threatening

  13. Assessment of the Skin • Visual Inspection: - Skin lesions can usually be seen - Size, shape, texture & color of a lesion often help reveal it’s cause • Biopsy: - Removal or examination of living tissue - Biopsy or culture may be used to identify the causative organism

  14. Biopsy

  15. Biopsy

  16. Disorders of theIntegumentarySystem

  17. Acne Vulgaris • Usually appears in adolescence & may continue into adulthood • Often caused by increased oil (sebum) related to increased hormones during puberty • Bacterial growth & blockage of hair follicles cause papules, pustules, & blackheads • Tends to run in families • Diet does NOT tend affect severity of acne • Treatment: - exposure to ultraviolet light, - oral or topical antibiotics, - Dermabrasion (removal of top layers of skin that has scarred)

  18. Acne Vulgaris

  19. Acne Vulgaris Papule Pustule

  20. Albinism • Inherited disorder • Melanocytes do not produce melanin • Pale skin, white hair, pink eyes • Prone to severe sunburn / Skin CA • Light may damage unprotected structures of eyes • Vision problems are very common • Treatment: - Albinism can not be cured - treatment of symptoms only (protecting skin/eyes from sun AND correcting vision)

  21. Albinism

  22. Alopecia • Baldness • Inherited tendency to lose hair • Production of androgenic hormones in puberty initiate loss • More common in men but may occur in women • Temporary hair loss may be caused by: Drugs Radiation Pregnancy High fever Anorexia Cosmetics • No FDA approved treatments

  23. Athlete’s Foot • Epidermophytosis • Fungal Infection • Skin may itch, blister and crack (especially between toes) • Very contagious – transmitted on wet floors • Treatment: - Application of antifungal medication (Topical cream) - Keep area clean, ventilated, and dry

  24. Athlete’s Foot

  25. Fungal Skin Infections • Live only on the dead, outer surface or epidermis • May cause no symptoms • Others may have following symptoms: - irritation - scaling - blisters - redness - swelling • Occur in areas of body that provide moisture • Examples: - Athlete’s Foot - Jock itch - Ringworm

  26. Ringworm

  27. Cellulitis • Bacterial infection of dermis and subcutaneous layer of skin • Occurs in people with low resistance to infection - elderly, children & chronically ill • Symptoms: - fever, chills, & vesicles on red, warm area of skin • Can lead to impaired circulation and permanent lymphedema in the extremities • Treatment: Rest Immobilization of infected area Antibiotics

  28. Cellulitis

  29. Chloasma • Patchy discoloration of skin (usually face) caused by high hormone levels that occur during pregnancy or prolonged use of oral contraceptives • May disappear at end of pregnancy or when birth control pill usage has stopped • May be sign of problem with liver (liver spots) • Treatment usually not necessary - cosmetics used to hide

  30. Chloasma

  31. Cleft Lip / Cleft Palate • Upper lip has a cleft (or space) where nasal processes or palate does not meet properly • Occurs in 1 of 700 babies born in US each year • Heredity is direct cause - may also be caused by environmental factors or premature birth • Treatment: - Surgical & dental correction - Speech therapy - Psychological counseling (sometimes)

  32. Cleft Lip / Cleft Palate

  33. Contact Dermatitis • Allergic reaction that may occur after an initial reaction or as an acquired response • Frequent causes: - poison ivy - nickel in jewelry, - Preservatives in cosmetics • Symptoms: - Redness, itching, swelling, blisters • Treatments: - wash affected area - avoid exposure to irritating substance - applying anti-inflammatory creams

  34. Eczema • A form of dermatitis • Group of disorders caused by allergic or irritant reactions • Characterized by swelling, redness, itching & weeping, crusted skin lesions • Not contagious • Treatment: - remove irritant - keeping affected skin clean

  35. Eczema

  36. Dandruff • Characterized by itching of the scalp • Produce white flakes of dead skin cells • Can be controlled by massaging the scalp, brushing & shampooing the hair - Medicated shampoos often help

  37. Dandruff

  38. Decubitus Ulcer • Sores or areas of inflammation that occur over bony prominences of the body due to prolonged pressure and hypoxia to the affected tissues • “Bedsores” • Seen most often in elderly & immobilized people • Prevention: Frequent position change, good nutrition, and massage to the area • Described in four stages by severity • Treatment: Antibiotics, removal of necrotic tissue, frequent cleaning of open sores * Larvae (maggots) of blowflies used in some severe cases

  39. Decubitus Ulcer

  40. Decubitus Ulcer

  41. Furuncle • Commonly called a “boil” • Bacterial infection of a hair follicle • Carbuncle = several boils that join together • Boils are infectious but can be controlled with careful cleanliness & handwashing • Treatment: includes hot compresses, antibiotics & sometimes drainage by lancing

  42. Furuncle Carbuncle

  43. Impetigo • Bacterial infection (most commonly staph, but also strep) • Occurs most often in children • Very contagious • Begins with small vesicles, which become pustules and form a crust • Symptoms may include itching & burning • Often fatal in infants • May lead to kidney infection • Treatment: antibiotics & isolation to prevent spread

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