Lecture 32: Counter-Terrorism: Internal American Response & Its Cost

1. Lecture 32: Counter-Terrorism:Internal American Response & Its Cost 7th May 2003 (Wednesday)

2. Original Guest Speaker • From the US Consulate of Hong Kong • http://www.usconsulate.org.hk/ • Patterns of Global Terrorism 2001 http://www.state.gov/s/ct/rls/pgtrpt/2001/pdf/ • Patterns of Global Terrorism 2002 http://www.state.gov/s/ct/rls/pgtrpt/2002/pdf/ • Israeli Film Festival: Desperado Square • 13/5 (Tue)7:15pm Hong Kong City Hall Theatre • 18/5 (Sun)2:30pm Hong Kong Space Museum Lecture Hall

3. Structure of Lecture 32 • Introduction: • Key Terms Definitions • Domestic Settings of National Emergencies • Administrative Reconstruction after 911 • New McCarthyism and Violation of Human Rights after 911? • Conclusion • Why is the “Cost” Neglected?

4. PART I: Introduction –Key Term Definitions

5. Key Terms Definitions • Anti-Terrorism • Fundamentally Opposing Against Terrorism • As an Agenda • E.g. “Anti-Terror Coalition” • Counter-Terrorism • Physically Fighting Back Against Terrorism • As an Action Plan • E.g. “Office of Counter-Terrorism”

6. Natures of Anti-Terrorism Today • As a National Agenda of USA • Agenda of Internal Policies, Foreign Policies, Economic Policies, Social Policies, Cultural Policies… • As an Ideology – American Patriotism • Comparison with Anti-Communism in the Cold War • As a Propaganda Tool • The World of Black and White • As an Action Plan –Counter-Terrorism

7. PART IIDomestic Settings in National Emergencies

8. Nature of National Emergencies • Crises Affecting People of the Whole Nation • Require a Combination of Political/ Diplomatic/ Military/ Economic/ Social Reactions • Led by Political Leaders • Require an Esprit de Corps/ Patriotism to Unite the Whole Nation • Led by Ideological/ Religious Leaders • Politics and Ideology are Interlocked……

9. Implications of the Political- Ideological Alliance • Limitation of Political Freedom • Sacrifice of Human Rights to “National Interests”/ • National Sponsor of Ideology • Sacrifice of Ideological Freedom to “Patriotism” • Difference between “Nationalism” and “Patriotism”: Who to Define if the Subjects “Love their Country”? •  Blurring Domains of Political Leaders and Ideological Leaders • Rightist Christians in the Bush Administration • Political Appointment of Ideological/ Religious Leaders

10. Case I: WWII (1939-1945) • America Joined WWII after the Pearl Harbor Incident (Dec 1941) • Anti-Fascism as the National Agenda AND Patriotic Ideology • Anglo-American Alliance • US’s “Stupid Investment” in Chiang Kai-shek’s Government in China • Illegal Detention of American Japanese on the West Coast Concentration Camps • 4-term Re-election of President Franklin Roosevelt (FDR)

11. Case II:McCarthyism (1950s) • Cold War between Capitalism and Communism • Anti-Communism as the National Agenda AND Patriotic Ideology • Senator Joseph McCarthy (“the Bad McCarthy”) Started the Random Allegation against “Communist Spies” in the 1950s • CIA Head Hoover in the McCarthy Years • Ronald Reagan in the McCarthy Years • Documents to Pledge Allegiance to the US Government

12. Victims of McCarthyism • Witchhunt and the “Red Terror” • Politicians (e.g. Condemnation of Harley and Marshall) • Scientists (e.g. Execution of Julius and Ethel Rosenburgs) • Hollywood (e.g. Exile of Elia Kazan) •  The “New McCarthyism” before 911? • Witchhunt and the “Yellow Terror”? •  The “New McCarthyism” after 911? • Witchhunt and the “Green Terror”? • Revival of Religious Statements on Both Sides

13. PART IIIThe Administrative Reconstruction of USA after 911

14. “Homeland” as the New Battleland • Previous Wars: • “Battle Front” • “Home Front” • WWI Memoirs as an Example: Dichotomization of Trench Lives and Home Lives in One Day • 911: • Battle Front = Home Front • Nowhere is Safe?! •  “Homeland Security” in a Battling Format

15. Department of Homeland Security (DHS) • Office of Homeland Security (Sept 2001) •  Department of Homeland Security Act of 2002 •  DHS Established 24th January 2003 • Greatest Transformation of US Government since 1947 • 1947: President Truman merged Various Armed Forces into Department of Defense • 22 Disparate Government Agencies into ONE • Customs, FBI, Coast Guard, Immigration and Naturalization… • “The Czar” • Head: Governor Tom Ridge of Pennsylvania • Budget 2003: $US 3.5Billion

16. Aims of DHS • Protecting the Nation against Further Terrorist Attack • To Analyze Threats and Intelligence • To Guard Our Borders and Airports • To Protect Our Critical Infrastructure • To Coordinate the Response of Our Nation for Future Emergencies • Protecting the Rights of American Citizens • Enhancing Public Services • E.g. Natural Disaster Assistance and Citizenship Services • http://www.dhs.gov/dhspublic/ • No Homeland Terrorist Attack after 911 and the Anthrax Scary –DHS Effective or Not??

17. Homeland Security Advisory System • Green—Blue—Yellow—Orange—Red • Similar Alert Systems in Different Countries • From Internal Alert to Public Alert • Real Alert? • Political Statement? • From Yellow to Orange in the Iraqi War…

18. USA PATRIOT Act (Oct 2001) • Uniting and Strengthening America by Providing Appropriate Tools Required to Intercept and Obstruct Terrorism (USA PATRIOT) Act • Passed by Congress Oct 2001 • Legalization of Spying and Excessive Intelligence Activities • May 8th 6:30pm LTB • Prof. Leo Lee (李歐梵教授) • Prof. Leonard Chan (陳國球教授) • Mr. Lam Pui Lei (影評林沛理) • Mr. Mak Siu Fai (麥兆輝導演)

19. Details of Spying Activities • In terms of Anti-Espionage and Anti-Subversion • Federation Bureau of Investigation (FBI) • Central Intelligent Service (CIA) • UK: MI5, MI6, 007, Johnny England… • Traditional Spying • Telephone Intercepting, Mail Opening • Email Surveillance • “Sleeping with the Enemy” • Untraditional Spying • Scientific/ Chemical “Brainstorming” Program…

20. Hidden Agenda of Bush Behind the USAPATRIOT Act? • Bush’s Initial Unpopularity after the 2000 Presidential Election • Bush’s Image as a “Dummy” • Bush’s Initial Executive Handicap with the Democratic-Majority Congress • Before the Congress Election 2002 and the Republican Victory • Bush’s Initial Pressure Mounting on his “Ineffective Counter-Terrorism” at 911……

21. Result of the Administrative Restructuring • The American Togetherness after National Emergencies • Expansion of Executive Power • Principle of Separation of Power • Federalist Papers, the American Founders and the Executive Today • Expansion of Presidential Power • “Power” of Bush and Clinton – a Comparison • Is it Adequate to Compare George W Bush with Adolf Hitler? • The Sense and the Nonsense

22. Part IV –“New McCarthyism” and Violation of Human Rights after 911?

23. Target 1: External “Threats” • Guantanamo Bay Scandal of Afghan Soldiers • Military Tribunal Courts • With No Criminal Laws or Evidential Rules of Protection • Messages from the Released Prisoners • War Prisoners in the Iraqi War • Secret? • Or Humanitarian Treatment as Reported? • Future of the Iraqi Pokers • “Mrs. Anthrax” as a Case-study

24. Target 2: Internal “Threats” • List of Foreign Citizens/ Overseas Students on Surveillance! • Close Contacts with Foreign People Reported! • “Anti-Terrorism in Neighborhood”–Neighbors Encouraged to Report “Suspicious People” (= Foreigners) • Hate Crimes, Racism, or Melting-pot?

25. Target 3: “Potential Threats” • American Citizens with Arabic Origins being “Investigated” by Police Systematically • Precedence of the American Japanese in WWII • “Take You to Taliban” Taxi-driver Arrested • Why do you go to the Middle East? • Why do you study Islam? •  The “Green Terror” • Muslims as the Untouchables

26. Assigned Readings • Main Text: • Richard Falk: “Testing Patriotism and Citizenship in the Global Terror War” (B&D P.325-335) [leftist perspective] • Supplementary References: • Alan Wolfe: “The Home Front” (H&R P.283-294) [rightist perspective]

27. Conclusion –Why is the “Cost”Neglected?

28. Criticism from the Human Rights Fighters Logic • The Bush Administration as a “War Machine” • External-focus: “State Terrorism” • Internal-focus: “New McCarthyism” • Michael Cox: • “Meanings of Victory – American Power after the Powers” • Richard Falk: • “Testing Patriotism and Citizenship in the Global Terror War”

29. Shift of America’s Human Rights Diplomacy • 1991-2001: Rule of Human Rights in Diplomacy • Human Rights Higher than Sovereignty • Kosovo War • Annual Report on Chinese Human Rights • After 2001: Rule of Anti-Terrorism • Human Rights Lower than Homeland Security • Annual Report on Anti-Terrorism

30. Lack of Internal Challengers • Democratic Party Joined with the Republicans in the “War-time Coalition” • Robert Byrd (86 Years Old Senator) as the Alternative Case-study • Green Party/ Radical Human Rights Watchers/ Noam Chomsky etc • Marginalized in the Mainstream Society • Comparison with the Vietnam War • Criticism of US Anti-Terrorism might Violate USA PATRIOT Act

31. Feebleness of “International Human Rights Watchers” • Lack of Government Sponsorship to Challenge US Human Rights • China: US Human Rights White Paper • The U-U-U-turns of France and Russia… • International Media Dominated by USA • Violation of Human Rights in the Iraqi War? • Previous Mandate of “Human Rights Watchers” Given by USA

32. ~~The End~~ Thank you for attending