Incorporating Sources

1. Incorporating Sources

2. QUOTING SOURCES • Quoting: repeating EXACTLY what another author or speaker writes or says • When quoting, you must use quotation marks to indicate the author’s words • Paraphrasing: putting a short passage from another author or speaker into your own style • Paraphrasing should not alter the ideas of the original author or speaker • Summarizing: taking a long passage or whole document written by someone else and reduces it to main points in your own style • A summary is shorter than the original • A summary should not alter the ideas of the original

3. SIGNAL PHRASES • A signal phrase lets your reader know when you are about to use someone else’s ideas • Sample signal phrases: • In the words of author and activist Rick Bass, "… • As Flora Davis has noted, "… • The Gardners, experts in Colorado Plateau archaeology, point out that "… • Psychologist Sidney McMaynerberry offers an odd argument for this theory: "…

4. Signal phrases

5. QUOTATION AND CITATION • Whether you quote, paraphrase or summarize information, the citation goes in parentheses following the quotation orat the end of the sentence that ends your use of the source. • Examples • Melba explains, “For me, Cincinnati was the promised land” (Patillo 30), to contrast the race relations in Little Rock and Ohio. • At first lines such as “And in some perfumes is there more delight/Than in the breath that from my mistress reeks” (lines 7-8), seem unflattering. However, later it becomes clear that . . . • Fitzgerald gives Nick a muted tribute to the hero: "Gatsby turned out all right at the end" (176).

6. PUNCTUATING QUOTATIONS • Any letters or words changed to make the sentence fit your grammar should be put in brackets [ ]: • Lady Macbeth’s criticism of her husband “scornfully implies that [Macbeth’s] very sexuality will be called into question in her eyes” (Scott 265).

7. MLA BLOCK QUOTATION • Block indent quotations that are four lines of text • You may use a maximum of one block quotation in your research essay • Strike the tab key twice to indent one inch. • Lead into the quotationwith a colon (:)and do not use quotation marks • The parenthetical citation follows the final period

8. Parenthetical Citations

9. AVOID PLAGIARISM • You must cite ALL SOURCESaccording to MLA guidelines. • If you consult a source “for ideas,” YOU MUST cite the source • For each parenthetical citation, you must have a corresponding Works Cited page entry. • For each Works Cited page entry, you must have a corresponding parenthetical citation

10. Parenthetical Citations—Author/Page • Write the author’s(s’) last name(s) and page number(s) in parentheses following the information from the source. • Example of In-text Citation: • His study of the nightclub scene took him to Seville “where the natives seem to be genetically indisposed to sleep” (Bryson 13). • Example of Works Cited: • Bryson, Bill. “The New World of Spain.” National Geographic Apr. 1992: 3-33. Print.

11. Parenthetical Citations • If the author is identified in the sentence, give the page number(s) only. • Example of In-text Citation: • Bryson wittily remarked that in Seville “the natives seem to be genetically indisposed to sleep” (13). • Example of Works Cited: • Bryson, Bill. “The New World of Spain.” National Geographic Apr. 1992: 3-33. Print.

12. Parenthetical Citations— No author • If there is no author, use the first significant word of the title of the book (italicized) or article (in quotations) and the page number. • Example of In-text Citation: • Annually, 3.2 tons of airborne pollutants drift over the U.S. border into Canada (“Even” 140). • Example of Works Cited: • “Even in Spring, Leaves Fall—Some Forever.” National Geographic Apr. 1992: 140. Print.

13. Parenthetical Citations— Indirect Sources • An Indirect Source is one source that is being quoted or paraphrased in another author’s work.) • Type qtd. in (quoted in) before the author of the indirect source and the page number if available. • Example of In-text Citation: • Benjamin Franklin, the author of Poor Richard's Almanack, remarked, "Observe all men; thyself the most" (qtd. in Pittman). • Example of Work Cited: • Pittman, Michael. Homepage. 11 Dec. 2002. 12 May 2004. Web.

14. Parenthetical Citations— No author or page numbers • If the electronic source has no author and no page numbers, use the complete title in a signal phrase or use the first significant word in the title in parentheses. • Example of a Title in a Signal Phrase: • According to “Poll: Rich Eye Space Tourism,” approximately 85 out of 450 wealthy Americans polled would be willing to pay $100,000 for a 15-minute space flight. • Example of a Shortened Title in Parentheses: • Approximately 85 out of 450 wealthy Americans polled would be willing to pay $100,000 for a 15-minute space flight (“Poll”). • Example of the Work Cited: • “Poll: Rich Eye Space Tourism.” The Learning Channel.2001. Discovery.com. 23 May 2002. Web.

15. CREATE A WORKS CITED PAGE • Use the MLA citation style guide to create a correctlyformatted Works Cited page • Alphabetize your citations according to first letter, regardless of whether the first letter is a name or a title or something else • Double-space and use hanging indentation • Top center title of page: Works Cited • Proofread: Check your spelling of names and titles, and the location of your punctuation.

16. THINGS TO REMEMBER • Please use the MLA Citation Handouts that I gave you • Whether you quote, paraphrase or summarize, you MUST cite the ideas you get from your resources in your papers. • MLA style users should always use signal phrases to introduce quotations.