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Challenges in Food Production and Agriculture

Learn about the impacts of environmental factors, farming practices, and food distribution issues on agriculture, including famine, soil degradation, and pest control. Explore solutions such as soil conservation, genetic engineering, and sustainable agriculture methods.

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Challenges in Food Production and Agriculture

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  1. Food and Agriculture Chapter 15

  2. Ethiopia • In 1985, there was a lack of rain, loss of soil, and a great war • Caused the crops to fail • Created a famine • Widespread starvation caused by a shortage of food

  3. Malnutrition • A condition that occurs when people do not consume enough Calories • If only eat wheat and rice, lack protein • Amino acid deficiency

  4. Food Efficiency • Measure of the quality of food produced on a given area of land with: • Limited inputs of energy • Limited inputs of resources • Desire a large amount of crops with the least negative inpact on environment

  5. World Food Problems • Unequal distribution of food • Drought • Famine

  6. Drought • Can lead to famine

  7. Green Revolution • Between 1950 and 1970 • Brought about a great deal of new crops with a higher yield • Requires large amounts of water, fertilizer, pesticides, machinery, irrigation • Was this good? • Was like bringing a Walmart into a community

  8. Green Revolution * Led to new crop varieties, increased yields

  9. Subsistence Farming • Grows only enough food for local use

  10. Arable Land • Land that can be used to grow crops • Fertile soil can support healthy plants • Roots grow in topsoil

  11. Top Soil • Temperature changes and moisture causing rocks to crack • Chemical weathering - minerals that react with water • Earthworms and insects • Earthworms are good indicators

  12. Erosion • The weathering away of rock or soil by wind and water

  13. Land Degradation • Use to be able to plant on land and then leave it alone for several years to gain more nutrients • What happened when the populations increased?

  14. Desertification • Decreases the amount of arable land available

  15. Soil Conservation • Soil retaining terraces • Countour plowing • Plowing across a hill instead of up and down • No-till farming

  16. Soil Conservation • Includes measures that prevent downhill erosion

  17. No-Till Farming • Causes Less Erosion

  18. Enriching the Soil • Compost Piles • Return nature to nature • City compost piles?

  19. Salinization • Accumulation of salts in the soil • In areas like California and Arizona • Why do you think these places? • Water comes from rivers and streams, not rain water

  20. Pest Control • Pesticides • Biological Pest Control • Integrated Pest Management • Engineering a Better Crop • Sustainable Agriculture

  21. Pesticides • Pesticide Resistance • Human Health Concerns • Pollution and Persistence (pesticides that don’t break down quickly)

  22. Biological Pest Control • Pathogens - good and bad • Plant defense - resistant to fungi • Chemicals from Plants - chemicals from chrysanthemums - pesticides

  23. Disrupting Insect Breeding • Growth regulators - interfere with a stage of a pest’s life • Pheromones - confuse moths with mating habits

  24. Integrated Pest Management • Aims to reduce pests with minimal economic damage

  25. Genetic Engineering • Transfers desirable traits

  26. Animal Domestication • Over harvesting • Aquaculture • Livestock

  27. Livestock • Ruminants - cattle, sheep, goats • Cud-chewing mammals that have three or four chambered stomachs • Poultry

  28. Overharvesting • Depletes fish populations

  29. Poverty • Plays a large role in determining the occurrence of malnutrition

  30. All of these contribute directly to fertile topsoil except: • Bedrock chemical reactions • Minerals supplied by rock particles • Decomposition action of fungi and bacteria • Earthworm’s breaking down the soil

  31. Many people worldwide are malnourished, in part because food production is: • Sufficient, but distribution is inconsistent

  32. Which of the following agricultural products require the least amount of energy? • Wheat or cows?

  33. Traditional agriculture typically depends upon • Manual or animal plowing • Organic fertilizers

  34. All of these are environmental problems associated with pesticide use in the U.S. except • The ongoing application of DDT • Human health concerns • Pesticide persistence • Pesticide resistance

  35. One potential way to deal with the problem of over harvesting is intensifying • Aquaculture

  36. Products obtained from livestock include • Leather, wool, eggs, meat, and manure

  37. Erosion is most likely when the soil is: • Bare and exposed to wind and rain

  38. Salinization may be caused by: • Long-term irrigation

  39. Earth’s available arable land is being reduced by • Fast-growing human populations • Soil erosion • desertification

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