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CHAPTER 2

CHAPTER 2. Antiquity to the Middle Ages: Music in Rome, Jerusalem, and the Early Christian World. Rome. ROMAN EMPIRE, 177 C.E

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CHAPTER 2

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  1. CHAPTER 2 Antiquity to the Middle Ages: Music in Rome, Jerusalem, and the Early Christian World

  2. Rome ROMAN EMPIRE, 177 C.E While the Romans were fine politicians and soldiers, and spectacularly good engineers, much of their painting, sculpture, and music was derived from the practices of the ancient Greeks.

  3. ROMAN TUBAPRESERVED IN THE INSTRUMENT COLLECTION OF THE MUSEUM OF FINE ARTS, BOSTON • The only truly distinctive Roman musical instrument is the tuba. • It was developed by the Etruscans in northern Italy and then used widely throughout Roman Empire as a military instrument. • Mention should be made that the Etruscans inhabited the area around Bologna, Italy, and that even some two thousand years later, Bologna was still a center for the performance of trumpet music of high quality, as will be seen with the music of Torelli in Chapter 33. See Fig 2-1 on page 13 For an image of a Roman Tuba

  4. Two figures in Roman intellectual history of great importance Martianus Capella (flourished c435 C.E.) formulated the categories of knowledge we still today call the seven liberal arts, specifically the trivium (grammar, logic, and oratory) and the quadrivium (arithmetic, geometry, astronomy, and music). This taxonomy of knowledge remained in force in universities in the West well into the Renaissance. Boethius (c480-524 C.E.), a Roman intellectual who gathered together, and gave his own interpretation of, ancient Greek music theory within a volume he called De institutione musica (Fundamentals of Music). In addition to passing on much information about the Greek tonoi, Greater Perfect System, and system of tuning, Boethius posited three general types of music: musica mundane (music of the spheres), musica humana (music of the human body), and musica instrumentalis (earthly music as we know it performed by voices and/or instruments).

  5. Jerusalem and the Rise of Early Christian Music • Liturgy: the collection of prayers, chants, readings, and ritual acts by which the theology of the church, or any organized religion, is practiced • Chant: the monophic religious music that is sung in a house of worship. • Jerusalem: the birthplace of Christianity and Christian liturgy

  6. Other important types of early Christian chant and the regions in which they flourished • Coptic chant: music of the Christian Church of Egypt, entirely unwritten, still exists today pass along orally • Byzantine chant: the music of the Eastern Church with its center in Constantinople (Istanbul); and early relative of the chant of today’s Greek Orthodox Church and Russian Orthodox Church • Roman chant: the chant sung in Roman prior to the 10th century, at which time a new form of chant, Gregorian chant, was imported from France and Germany to Italy • Ambrosian chant: a dialect of chant encouraged and partly composed by St. Ambrose (340?-397C.E.) for the church in and around Milan, where he was bishop • Mozarabic chant: chant indigenous to Spain before an after the Moslem conquest survives in twenty manuscripts dating from the ninth through the fourteenth centuries, but the notation cannot be transcribed with certainty

  7. THE BEGINNING OF A GALLICAN OFFERTORY

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