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Scientific Thinking: The Art of Reasoning and Conclusion Making

Dr. Salem M. Al-Ghamdi explores absolute and relative truth, deduction and induction, and the role of hypothesis in scientific research. Learn about theories, accuracy, and the basics of variable types in this insightful presentation.

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Scientific Thinking: The Art of Reasoning and Conclusion Making

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  1. SCIENTIFIC THINKING Presented by: Dr. Salem M. Al-Ghamdi Associate Professor of Management King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals

  2. Absolute truth Known universal laws & facts Problems understood through formal logic or math Uses deductive logical processes “strong relationship between reasons & conclusions” Use rational thinking Relative truth Unknown laws Problems understood through observation & data collection Uses induction to reach conclusion “weak relationship between reasons & conclusions” Uses scientific thinking Styles of Thinking vs POSITIVIST IMPERCIST Can we combine both induction & deduction in research learning? Fact Induction (Deduction) Hypothesis

  3. What is a Theory? What is a Devil’s triangle? Accuracy A set of systematically interrelated concepts, definitions, and propositions that are advanced to explain and predict phenomena (facts) Theory Simplicity Generalizability

  4. What is the role of Hypothesis? What is a Research Hypothesis? • It guides the direction of the study • It limits what shall be studied and what shall not. • It identifies facts that are relevant and those that are not • It suggests which form of research design is likely to be the most appropriate It is a statement that is simply stated, empirically testable, and has two-variable propositions involving concrete instances. What is a good Hypothesis? • Adequate for its purpose: • Be it a descriptive, explanatory, or correlational • It must be testable • It is simple and require few assumptions

  5. What are the Different Types of Variable Independent variable Dependent Variable Moderating Variable Intervening Variable Extraneous Variable Independent Intervening Dependent Moderating Extraneous

  6. What is the difference between concepts and constructs?

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