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Groups

Groups. PAPER TOPICS DISCUSSED !! Social norms example. What is a group?. What is a group? Size? Purpose? Time? Number of members? Frequency? Is a dyad a group? What makes a group, groupier ? ( entitativity ) What do we need to keep in mind when we analyze group results?

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Groups

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  1. Groups

  2. PAPER TOPICS DISCUSSED!! • Social norms example

  3. What is a group? • What is a group? Size? Purpose? Time? Number of members? Frequency? • Is a dyad a group? • What makes a group, groupier? (entitativity) • What do we need to keep in mind when we analyze group results? • How is it similar to/different from a social identity? • What do groups do for us? (why be in groups? What needs do they meet?)

  4. Brief history of major group studies • Newcomb 1943 • Asch 1955 • Milgram 1963 • Sherif 1936 (autokinetic) • The American Soldier • Deutsch & Gerard 1955 conformity w/magic pad • Festinger, Schachter, & Bach • Schachter deviant study • Schachter study of affliliation • Minimal group paradigm • Social loafing/social facilitation • Deindividuation • Group polarization • Ostacism (later) • Shared information paradigm

  5. When are groups good vs. bad? • When are groups better than or worse than individuals? • When is diversity good/bad? • Cohesion?

  6. Groupthink (Janis, 1952) • Does it really occur very often? • Antecedents: strong group cohesion, (mixed) insulation from outside influences (historical) homogeneity of attitudes (both) a directive leader, (both) high stress (threats to group) poor decision-making procedures low situational member self-esteem SIT explanation?

  7. Symptoms: • illusion of invulnerability • belief in the moral correctness of the group • stereotyped views of out-group • self-censorship • direct pressure on dissenters to conform • illusion of unanimity • mindguards (members protect leader from contrary views) Consequences: • incomplete survey of alts • failure to examine risks ofthe favored alternative • poor info search • failure to develop contingency plan • biased assessment of risks, costs, benefits, and moral implications • failure to reconsider later

  8. Baron’s (2005) ubiquity approach • Only antecedents needed are: • Sense of social identity • Salient norms • Low situational self-efficacy • And broader than thought • Examples?

  9. Examples of group research • Group affiliation and Schachter study on social comparison theory • Sociometrics (Moreno) • Social facilitation • Triplett • Zajonc’s 1965 cockroaches • Social loafing • Ringemann • Latané, Williams, and Harkins, 1979 • Kohler effect • Brainstorming

  10. More examples • Group polarization • Dislike of deviants (Johnny Rocko) • SIT explanation? • Conformity • Computer-mediated communication • What are the stages of groups? Do all groups go through these?

  11. Power • French and Raven’s (1959) 5 types of power • Reward • Coercive • Legitimate • Referent • Expert • How does power trigger activity? What is good and bad about power?

  12. Ronay et al., 2012 • Experiment 1: Power priming and sentence task vs. individual brainstorming • Experiment 2: 2D/4D • What processes do they suggest for their effects? • Are there alternatives? • What are the implications?

  13. Leadership • How do leaders emerge? • What makes a good leader? • Contingency vs. situational theory • Lewin et al. (1939) autocratic vs. democratic vs. laissez-faire leaders • How do women fair as leaders? • How does SIT explain leadership?

  14. Social identity theory (Tajfel & Turner, 1978 • How did this theory evolve and how did it differ from other theories of the time? • Psychological processes • Social categorization • Social comparison • Social identification • How can people deal with devalued identity? • Individual mobility • Social creativity • Social competition • Which will they choose? • Permeability • Stability • Legitimacy • Hogg and Abrams “self-esteem hypothesis”

  15. More Social Identity Theory (the “other SIT”) • How do SIT and SCT differ? • What is a social identity? • What motivates us to have social ids? • What are your social IDs? • What affects what is salient? Can more than 1 be at a time? • How does SIT relate to system justification? • What are some examples/applications?

  16. Fusion theory (Swann et al., 2012) • What does fusion theory add to social identity theory?; How is it similar and different? • How does it differ from TMT? • What is identity fusion? • Four principles: • Agentic-personal-self principle • Identity synergy principle • Relational ties principle • Irrevocability principle

  17. How is it measured? Thoughts on measurement? • Research supporting theory? Thoughts? • What causes identity fusion, according to these authors? • How do cultures promote fusion? Are there cultural differences in fusion rates? • Is fusion good or bad? • Does it explain terrorism?

  18. Types of social coordination • Behavior matching-mimicry • Interactional synchrony • Complementation • Automatic coordination • Emotions • Cognition • Goals • Assortation • Physiology • Why do we do it? What evo basis would it have? What happens if people don’t mimic? • When are we more/less likely to socially coordinate?

  19. Flow • Csikszentmihalyi • What is flow? • When do you feel flow?

  20. Cacioppo et al. 2009 • History and dyadic research • Framingham Heart Study • How/why does loneliness seem to spread? Induction vs. homophily vs. shared environment • Why are • Friends more influential than spouses or siblings • Females more influential than males • Why is it different than how happiness spreads?

  21. MORE PAPER TOPICS • Next week read attraction part of 12 and all of 13 plus articles

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