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Catholic Counter Reformation

Catholic Counter Reformation. To counter the Protestant Reformations, Catholics decided to enact reforms This movement is known as the Catholic-Reformation

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Catholic Counter Reformation

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  1. Catholic Counter Reformation • To counter the Protestant Reformations, Catholics decided to enact reforms • This movement is known as the Catholic-Reformation • The Catholic-Reformation eliminated abuses, clarified Catholic theology, or religious beliefs, and re-established the pope’s authority over church members

  2. Council of Trent • Pope Paul III called a council of bishops together • Council forbade selling of indulgences • Created seminaries, or religious schools to educate clergy

  3. Clarified Church Teaching • Salvation through faith AND good works • Church tradition = to the Bible as source of truth • Latin version of the Bible only accepted version

  4. Re-established Papal Authority • Re-established the Inquisition – to root out heretics • Introduced Censorship • Index of Forbidden Books

  5. Arts • The Catholic Church used art to further the movement • Established baroque style that emphasized emotion, complexity, and exaggeration (This is Gian Lorenzo Bernini’s “Apollo and Daphne”)

  6. Spreading Catholicism • Began sending missionaries (Jesuit monks) to convert new members (mainly to the Americas and China)

  7. St. Ignatius of Loyola • He was a Spanish noble • Founded the Jesuits • Jesuits wore robes like monks but did not separate themselves from the world • Went to different countries to try and convert people to Catholicism • Opened universities in many countries • Became advisors to royal courts

  8. Teresa of Avila • Spanish Nun • Strict Catholic • Encouraged religious devotion and founding of the Carmelite order • Made a saint when she died

  9. A Divided Europe • Rulers of the German States signed the Peace of Augsburg which allowed each German prince to choose the Christian faith of his subjects (Protestant or Catholic) • Results in a division of Europe into a Protestant north and Catholic south…still an issue today • Led to war and religious prosecution

  10. St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre • August 24, 1572 • 3,000 Huguenots (French Protestants) killed in France • 1598 – Edict of Nantes

  11. St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre • Religious wars between French Huguenots and Catholics went on for another 17 years • 1598 – Henry of Navarre becomes King of France • Protestant leader of Huguenot nobles • Converts to Catholicism in order to become King • Issues the Edict of Nantes

  12. Edict of Nantes (1598) • Recognized Catholicism as the official religion of France • Huguenots had a right to worship in areas where they were the majority • Could hold public office • Edict of Nantes is revoked (“taken back”) in 1685 by Henry’s grandson, Louis XIV

  13. Protestant Support • Protestant rulers saw a chance to increase power • Took wealth and property of the Church • New Christian denominations more favorable to business practices • Less domination by Italian-controlled Church

  14. The Thirty Year War (1618-1648) • The Thirty Year War was a conflict over religion, territory, and for power among European ruling families.

  15. 2 Phases of the War • Hapsburg Family (Catholics) was winning • The Hapsburgs were a very wealthy ruling family. For years the head of the Hapsburg family became the German king and Holy Roman Emperor. They were Catholic. 2. Hapsburg Family (Catholics) was defeated • The French began to fear that the Hapsburgs were gaining too much power so the French got involved. Cardinal Richelieu, a French man, dominated the remaining years of the war. Richelieu was a Catholic, but he decided to help the Protestants and sent troops to help them.

  16. **IMPORTANT** • Because Cardinal Richelieu went against his religion of Catholicism, he changed the war from a religious war (Protestant vs. Catholics) to a political war (Hapsburg ruling family vs. the French nobility)

  17. Peace of Westphalia • Ended the 30 Year War • Results: • 4 million died, trade and agriculture was disrupted and Germany’s economy was ruined • 1st: Weakened the Hapsburg states of Spain and Austria • 2nd: Strengthened France by awarding it German territory • 3rd: Ended Religious Wars in Europe

  18. In conclusion… • The Renaissance had been a “rebirth” in Europe of learning, ideas, and beauty. • The Protestant Reformation stemmed from the questioning that humanism encouraged • The Catholic Reformation was a response to the abuses the Protestant Reformation brought to light • In the end, Europe is religiously divided

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