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Physical Growth-0-2

Physical Growth-0-2. Average birth weight-7 ½ lbs and 20 inches ¼ of the babies length is the head The trunk is a little longer than the legs This stays this way until about 6 months Then body portions change-head slows, extremities grow and trunk stays the same

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Physical Growth-0-2

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  1. Physical Growth-0-2 • Average birth weight-7 ½ lbs and 20 inches • ¼ of the babies length is the head • The trunk is a little longer than the legs • This stays this way until about 6 months • Then body portions change-head slows, extremities grow and trunk stays the same • As approaches 2 yrs-relation of trunk and extremities about equal

  2. Reflexes • The earliest movements seen are reflexes • They are involuntary • Their absence may indicate neurological problems • In some disability areas these reflexes persist-cerebral palsy • So- if present when should have disappeared or if absent when should be present- can be considered atypical

  3. Infant Reflexes • Probably adaptive survival skills • Moro reflex-first 6 mo • Rooting and sucking-first year • TNR-Symmetrical Tonic Neck Reflex-both sides • Asymmetrical Tonic Neck Reflex-one side flex-opposite side • Palmar grasp-1st 6 mo • Plantar grasp-through 1st year-if longer can interfer with walking

  4. Labyrinthine Righting Reflex-tipping the body, the head will want to remain upright-2 mo to stronger at 6 mo. • Parachute Reflex –beyond 1st year-helps with walking • Righting reflex of head and body-head turned, trunk turns • Crawling reflex-in prone-leg pushes, other extends

  5. Stepping reflex-comes about 1 mo. and disappears about 4th mo. • Positive support Reflex

  6. Voluntary Movement Patterns Postural control • head control-keeping it steady-2 mo • Sitting-without support-about 5 mo • Prone to sitting-7 mo-can change body positions • Pulling to standing-9 mo • Stand alone-11 mo

  7. Voluntary Movement Patterns Locomotion • Rolling over-about 3-4 mo • Crawling- 7 mo-low crawl • Creeping-more sophisticated crawl-alternating hand and foot • Walking-9-18 mo • Standing to one hand to paddlefooted/high guarded hands p39 • Gait generally mature at 11-18 mo

  8. Voluntary Movement PatternsReach and grasp • First weeks-fist with finger-when grasped, tighter fist • Followed by hands open • Followed by ability to put hands together at about 2 mo • 3-4 mo-reach and grasp something • Releasing object-8 mo • 9-10 mo pincher grasp using thumb and fingers • By 2yr-can draw horizontal and vertical lines, turn pages stack things

  9. Voluntary Movement PatternsStriking • Overarm front to back-more of a push • By 22 mo-can use an object to strike-but basically using the forearm • Mature striking doesn’t occur until 6 or 7 years old

  10. Physical Growth 2-6years • Uniform process-rate gain in height nearly doubles that in weight • Lower limbs grow rapidly to trunk proportions-not so much round as linear person • Boys usually taller and heavier but proportionally same • Brain about 75% complete by 3 years-90% by 6yrs • Eyeball does not reach full size until about 12

  11. Voluntary Movement PatternsLocomotion • Running-p 42 • Immature-paddle feet and arms away from body • Flight phase: Feet in air • 1. stride lengthens • 2. Trailing foot higher • 3. Arms move with efficiency • 4. Forward lean increases

  12. Climbing-ascending before descending • Ascend with alternating feet between 29 and 41 mo. • Descending-4 years to 55 mo. • Jumping- table 2.1 • Down is easier than up • Jump down from one easier than up from one • Jumping up and down easier than jumping out • By 5 years can do all types • Then adds height and distance

  13. Hopping-one foot takeoff and landing on one foot-by age4 most can hop from 4-6 steps • Girls more proficient at earlier age • Galloping and skipping more advanced-have to learn to run, jump, and hop • Gallop-walk and leap-4-6 years of age • Skipping-step and hop on one foot then the other-a little more difficult-6 years

  14. Voluntary Movement PatternsManipulative patterns • Throwing • Catching • Kicking • Striking

  15. Throwing • Stage 1: • ages 2-3 yrs, • basically a forearm motion • no body rotation, • feet remain stationary • A slight body sway

  16. Throwing Stage 2 • 3 ½ to 5 years starts some changes • Rotation of the body back on throwing side as arm brought back • Ball brought back further and wrist cocked • Then to opposite as follow thru • Follow thru or throw is on the oblique plane • Feet still stationary

  17. Stage 3 • 5 to 6 years • Foot movement-throwing side foot comes forward at throw • Forward form is added as foot comes forward

  18. Stage 4 • Mature throwing-6 ½ years • Girls may be somewhat behind because of lack of opportunity and teaching • Arm and trunk rotate back with full drawn arm • Opposite side step added • Body weight shifted forward in preparation for trunk and hip rotation • Full follow thru • Distance/force increased

  19. Throwing Teaching Helps • Proficient throwing is enhanced and made much easier by a properly portioned ball. Have a variety of ball sizes to use. • Smaller balls are easier to throw, larger are easier to catch. • Break technique down and teach one point at a time

  20. Catching-p.46 • Stage 1: 3 ½ years • Avoid the throws by turning head and/or extending arms • Generally hold the palms up • Try to trap b all next to chest

  21. Catching stage 2 • Elementary Stage-4 years old • Follow the ball with the eyes • Generally don’t avoid the ball • Don’t close eyes until maybe the very end • Palms sideways

  22. Catching-stage 3-Mature stage • About age 6 years • Track the ball from git go to end • Arms held in a classic ready position-elbows flexed and hands cupped • Give with the ball

  23. Kicking p. 47 • Most start kicking at 2 years old • Stage 1: • Kicked with straight leg action • Little if any arm or trunk motion • No backward leg motion • No real force

  24. Stage 2-elementary stage • Flexed kicking leg position • Some Uncocking to strike • Beginning of a follow through • Arms work to maintain balance

  25. Stage 3-Mature Kicking • Total body action • Arms swing in opposition • Kicking leg much more drwwn back for force • Follow thru present

  26. Striking • At approximately 2 years, overhand strikes can be made • A sidearm strike at approximately 3 years • All arm motion • Use of legs and trunk to promote force at approx. 6 or 7 years old

  27. Socialization and movement • 2-3 year olds very posessive • 5-6 show signs of cooperative work and sharing • Success in motor patterns encourages efforts in of the areas.

  28. Physical growth 7 to 12 • The boy/girl thing changes: • Not really much difference until after age 10 • Girls start reaching puberty and gain a size advantage that remains until about 14 • Boys start getting wider shoulders, girls wider hips • Boys legs become proportionally longer than girls

  29. Voluntary movement patterns • Refinement of movement patterns • Jump farther and higher • Run faster • Throw farther and more accurate • Catch easier • Mature striking movements • Dribble a ball

  30. Jumping p. 49 • Vertical and horizontal • Both sexes about the same until age 7 • Boys start to excel after age 7-further and higher • Both though improve dramatically

  31. Running- p. 50 • Up until the end of about 12 years the progression of increased speed is about the same • After age 12, the boys continue to increase and the girls may start a rapid decline

  32. Throwing-p. 51 • Distance and accuracy increase • Boys generally at a higher performance level • Attributed to greater shoulder and arm strength • Does expectation enter in this?

  33. Catching • More difficult to master than throwing • Catching from a bounce easier than a ball in the air • Larger balls easier to catch than smaller • By 12 most can catch on the run

  34. Striking • A mature strike may be in place at age 6-6 ½ • But may take a couple of years to really use

  35. Dribbling • Stage 1: a down push with no attempt to follow the ball • Stage 2: Attempts to catch the ball after a single bounce • Stage 3: Attempts to catch the ball with multiple overhead strikes with the arms out streched • Stage 4: a series of successive hits with the arm bent and finger/palm strikes

  36. Mature dribbling • Rhythmic and coordinated • P. 51 • Stationary dibbling is to be mastered before movement is added • Dribbling while moving is difficult and takes until about age 7 to do

  37. Teaching considerations • Think progression • Think fun but developmental • A skill must be practiced but little practice occurs in game play. • Game play is for fun • Always consider the disability and adjust game play/rules for it

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