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Neuroscience and Biological Foundations

Neuroscience and Biological Foundations. Introduction to Psychology Mercer County Community College. Chapter One Overview. Our Genetic Inheritance Neural Bases of Behavior Nervous System Organization A Tour Through the Brain. Our Genetic Inheritance. Our Genetic Inheritance.

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Neuroscience and Biological Foundations

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  1. Neuroscience and Biological Foundations Introduction to Psychology Mercer County Community College

  2. Chapter One Overview • Our Genetic Inheritance • Neural Bases of Behavior • Nervous System Organization • A Tour Through the Brain

  3. Our Genetic Inheritance

  4. Our Genetic Inheritance • To understand how heredity and environment affect us, psychologist turn to ______________. • To understand the how the natural process of adapting to our environment affects us, psychologist turn to ____________________. • Neuroscience is • historically a branch of Biology • the combining of disciplines (fields) of study to further understand behavioral and mental processes. • Check out the Society for Neuroscience (www.sfn.org)

  5. Biology of Heredity • Each egg and sperm cell contains 23 chromosomes. • First 22 pairs are called autosomes • 23rd pair are known as the sex chromosomes • XX = Girl & XY = Boy

  6. Biology of Heredity (cont’d) • Our body has many cells, each cell contains a nucleus • Each cell nucleus contains 23 pairs of chromosomes (i.e., 46 chromosomes) • Chromosomes make up our DNA • DNA (Deoxyribonucleic) • The genetic instructions used in the development and functioning of all known living organisms and some viruses.

  7. Quieting the Nature vs. Nurture debate • Heredity or Environment • Aggressiveness • Intelligence • Sociability • To further understand the underpinnings (formation) of complex traits, ____________ studies are especially beneficial. • Twins are: • Monozygotic – Identical – One egg was shared • Dizygotic – Fraternal Twins – Two eggs

  8. Evolutionary Psychology • Charles Darwin • 1809-1882 • Theory of Evolution • Natural Selection

  9. Neural Bases of Behavior

  10. The Neuron (basic unit of brain) • Dendrite • Axon • Myelin sheath • Terminal buttons • Neurotransmitters • Synapse

  11. How information travels through the Neuron D – C – A

  12. The Communication of Neurons • Neuron • Dendrite • Axon • Myelin • Terminal buttons • Neurotransmitters • Synapse

  13. Neurotransmitter • Serotonin • Acetylcholine (Ach) • Dopamine • Norepinephrine • Epinephrine • Gamma amniobutyric acid (GABA) • Endorphins

  14. The Endocrine System • The endocrine system is made up of ________. • Instead of neurotransmitters, the endocrine system uses ________________ to carry messages. • The endocrine system does the following: • Regulates • Maintains ongoing bodily processes (e.g., digestion, elimination) • Control the body’s response to emergencies

  15. The Endocrine System (cont’d) • What are glands? • What type of glands exist in The Endocrine System?

  16. The Endocrine System (cont’d) • What type of glands exist in The Endocrine System? • Parathyroid – helps regulate calcium in the blood • Pineal – helps regulate sleep cycle and body rhythms • Pituitary- influences growth and lactation • Hypothalamus – controls the pituitary • Thyroid – controls metabolism • Adrenal- arouses the body, helps respond to stress, regulates salt balance, and some sexual functioning

  17. Nervous System Organization

  18. The Nervous System (process information and adapt to our environment) • The Nervous System is divided into two main branches; the CNS and the PNS • Central Nervous System (CNS) • Consists of the Brain and Spinal Cord • Directs mental and basic life processes • Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) • All nerves and neurons connecting the CNS to the rest of the body • Carries information to an from the central nervous system (message carrier / action potentials)

  19. Is our brain capable of change / repair?

  20. Is our brain capable of change / repair………______! • Neuro plasticity • Neuro = Greek “Nervous System” • Plasticity = Capability of being molded • Neuro genesis • Neuro = Greek “Nervous System” • Genesis = Origin, Creation, Beginning

  21. A Tour Through The Brain

  22. The Human Brain

  23. The Brain • Cerebral Cortex • Hemispheres • Corpus Callosum • Frontal Cortex

  24. The Human Brain • The fact that brain structures have specialties / specialized to perform certain tasks is known as _____________.

  25. The Human Brain • The brainstem (connected to the spinal cord), includes: • The Hindbrain • The Midbrain • The Forebrain

  26. The Human Brain • The Hindbrain • Medulla • Pons • Cerrebellum

  27. The Human Brain • The Midbrain • Reticular formation

  28. The Human Brain • The Forebrain • Thalamus • Hypothalamus • Limbic System • Amygdala

  29. The Human Brain • The Hindbrain • Medulla • Pons • Cerebellum

  30. Cerebral Cortex • Center of Higher Order Thinking • Convolutions allow it to fit • The division = fissure • L/R Hemispheres: each controls the opposite side of the body • There are eight (8) lobes, four in each hemisphere: Frontal, Parietal, Temporal, Occipital

  31. What questions do you have ?

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