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Sediments and Sedimentary Rocks

Sediments and Sedimentary Rocks. Sediments and Sedimentary Rocks. And. Pressure. Cementation. Erosion. Sedimentary Rocks. Sediment. Erosion. Heat. Erosion. Pressure. Heat and Pressure. Igneous Rocks. Metamorphic Rocks. Cooling. Heat. Magma. Sediments ( soft )

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Sediments and Sedimentary Rocks

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  1. SedimentsandSedimentary Rocks

  2. Sediments and Sedimentary Rocks And Pressure Cementation Erosion SedimentaryRocks Sediment Erosion Heat Erosion Pressure Heat and Pressure Igneous Rocks MetamorphicRocks Cooling Heat Magma

  3. Sediments (soft) Material (such as gravel, sand, mud, and lime) that is transported by wind, water, ice, or gravity; Material that is precipitated from solution; Deposits of organic origin (such as coal and coral reefs). Sedimentary Rock (hard) Rock formed by the accumulation and consolidation of sediment.

  4. Sediments - unconsolidated particles created by 1. The weathering of rock 2. The secretions of organisms or decomposition of organic matter 3. Chemical precipitation

  5. Sedimentary Rocks • Composed of lithified sediments • by compaction • by cementation Two (Textures) - clastic -nonclastic

  6. Types of Sediments Clastic Nonclastic 1. Biogenic 2. Chemical

  7. Types of Sediments • 1. Clastic – broken fragments of rock produced by weathering. Range in size from largest boulder to smallest clay particle. Classified according to size. Found everywhere on the Earth.

  8. Clastic Texture Texture - Size, shape, and distribution of particles that collectively make up a rock • Size • Rounding • Sphericity • Sorting

  9. Clastic Sediment Size

  10. Clastic Texture • Roundness – the shape of sediment grains. • Related to the distance a sediment has been transported. Sphericity - how close to a spherical shape a grain is or will be.

  11. Roundness / Sphericity of Sediments

  12. Size Rounding Sphericity Sorting

  13. Clastic Sediments Sorting • Sorting – separation of sediments by grain size and density. Poorly sorted – sediment with a wide range of grain sizes. Well sorted – sediment with a small range of grain sizes.

  14. Sorting of Sediments

  15. Sorting - a function of transported 1. Water 2. Wind 3. Glaciers

  16. Texture and Transport Distance • In general, as transport distance increases, rounding and sorting increase. Examples: Breccia – cemented close to source Conglomerate – transported then cemented

  17. Sorting by Water Graded Beds

  18. Graded Beds Fining up

  19. Sorting by Wind

  20. Cross Bedding – water or wind

  21. Sorting by Glaciers

  22. Clast Size / Rock Name Relationship Large Clasts Small Clasts

  23. Breccia - Formed at the source

  24. Conglomerate – Formed near the source

  25. Sandstone – Down stream to just off shore

  26. Tidal Flat Deposit Stream Deposit

  27. Off-Shore Environments

  28. Strata Stratum Stratigraphy Stratigraphic • relating to layered • sedimentary rocks

  29. Bedding – Layering or stratification in sedimentary rock

  30. Types of Sediments • 2. Biogenic – composed of remains of plants or animals.

  31. Biogenic Sediments Terestrial Sediments - mainly plant matter Marine Sediments - mainly carbonates Corals - Large components of reefs. Bivalves, Gastropods, Foraminifers - Whole or partial skeletons form sand and gravels. Aglae, Crinoids, Echinoderms, Bryozoans - disintergrate to form some sand particles and lime mud. Diatoms, Radiolaria – Bedded chert SiO2

  32. Coral (carbonate)

  33. Foramanifera

  34. Diatoms

  35. Types of Sediments • 3. Chemical – formed by minerals precipitating from solution. Inorganic process, no biological activity involved.

  36. Bonneville Salt Flats

  37. Chemical Sediments 1. Terestrial - Evaporites: Gypsum - CaSO4 . H2O Anhydrite - CaSO4 Halite - NaCl 2. Marine - Carbonates - CaCO3 (Whitings)

  38. Sedimentary Rocks Clastic Rock – composed of fragments of preexisting rocks. Nonclastic Rock – composed of chemical precipitates or biogenic matter.

  39. Ripple Marks

  40. Mud Cracks

  41. Burrows

  42. Depositional Environments Where sedimentary rock live!

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