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(4b) Tsunamis

Introduction to Geophysics and Planetary Physics. Geophysics 65. (4b) Tsunamis. Geophysics 66. Tsunamis.

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(4b) Tsunamis

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  1. Introduction to Geophysics and Planetary Physics Geophysics 65 (4b) Tsunamis

  2. Geophysics 66 Tsunamis The Japanese word Tsunami means „harbor wave“ (above, wood carving by Hokusai – note Fuji San in the back). Far right: Simulation of the Tsunami, caused by the 1960 Chile earthquake, which lead to sever devastation in Hawaii (right) and in Japan (Source: USGS).

  3. Geophysics 67 Tsunamis A Tsunami caused by a submarine earthquake (schematic). In contract to normal ocean waves the whole water column is in motion. Right: Tuna fish, left in Maumere on the Island of Flores (Indonesia) after the 1992 tsunami (Source: P&S, 1994).

  4. Geophysics 68 Lisbon, 1755 The Great Lisbon Earthquake was one of the most important natural disasters. On November 1, 1755 the west coasts of Portugal, Spain and Morocco were hit by a tsunami. The five to ten meter wave killed 60 000 people in Lisbon alone. It was – until December 2004 – the most severe Tsunami in (human) history. Pictures: http://nisee.berkeley.edu/elibrary/browse/kozak.

  5. Geophysics 69 Krakatoa, 1883 In 1883 Krakatoa erupted after 200 years of silence (left, G. Symmons). The tremendous explosion could be heard as far as 4000 km. It caused a Tsunami, which was responsible for most of the 36 000 casualties. The paddle steamer “Berouw” was moved several kilometers inland. Anak Krakatau „The child of Krakatoa“ (above, NASA) rises continuously.

  6. Geophysics 70 Lituya Bay, 1958 Lituya Bay is a fjord located in southern Alaska (http://www.usc.edu/dept/tsunamis).

  7. Geophysics 71 Lituya Bay, 1958 Source: UoSC On July 9, 1958 the Lituya Bay was overrun by the largest impulse wave ever recorded, caused by an earthquake (M=7.9), that trig-gered an enormous landslide. 30 Million m3of rock fell into the sea and imitated a 520 m wave. On the other side of the bay the forest was completely erased up to a height of about 400 m.

  8. Geophysics 72 A Latent Risk Debris fans on the ocean floor around the Hawaiian islands are the remnants of giant landslides in the past (left). These events caused tsunamis with wave heights way above 100 m. This also explains the (up to then) enigmatic discovery of large coral blocks on the island of Lanai– 325 m above sea level. Source: “Spektrum der Wissenschaft, 6/2004”.

  9. Geophysics 73 Indian Ocean, 26. 12. 2004 cm Only the satellite “Quickbird” saw the reflux of the first tsunami wave near the city of Kalutara on the west coast of Sri Lanka at 10:20 local time (far left). In the following wave trough the water retreated up to 300 Meter from the shore (left). All pictures: „Spektrum der Wissenschaft 2/2005“.

  10. Geophysics 74 Indian Ocean, 26. 12. 2004 Satellite measurements of the wave height on the open ocean (Source: NOAA).

  11. Geophysics 75 Indian Ocean, 26. 12. 2004 Aceh, Sumatra (Source: DLR)

  12. Geophysics 76 Indian Ocean, 26. 12. 2004 Aceh, Sumatra (Source: DLR)

  13. Geophysics 77 Indian Ocean, 26. 12. 2004 Source: National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Japan

  14. Geophysics 78 Japan, 11. 3. 2011 Even more devastating than the strong earthquake itself was the tsunami that reached the east coast of Honshu only a few minutes later – with waves up to 20 m (Source: Kyodo)

  15. Geophysics 79 Japan, 11. 3. 2011 Containers (above, picture: Itsuo Inouye) and ships (top left: NHK, bottom left: Kyodo) were thrown around like toys.

  16. Geophysics 80 Japan, 11. 3. 2011 Source: Kyodo

  17. Geophysics 81 Japan, 11. 3. 2011 The wave moved inland as far as 5 km. Satellite pictures before (left) and after the tsunami (right) show the dimension of devastation, as near the city of Natori (Source: GeoEye)

  18. Geophysics 82 Japan, 11. 3. 2011 The coast near Kashima (Pictures: Digital Globe)

  19. Geophysics 83 Japan, 11. 3. 2011 Entire cities, like Riku Zentakata became completely erased (Source: Kyodo)

  20. Geophysics 84 Tsunamis und Gravity Waves The Tsunami waves initiated atmospheric gravity waves, which affected (due to density-fluctuations in the thermosphere caused) even the orbit of the satellite GOCE (Source: ESA)

  21. Geophysics 85 Tsunami, Gravity Waves, and TIDs The gravity waves, intitiated by the Tsunami, could even be observed in the ionosphere, where they caused Travelling Ionospheric Disturbances (TIDs) (Credit: NASA)

  22. Geophysics 86 Protective Barriers Also in southern Japan they assessment of possible tsunami wave heights changed dramatically (Credit: Nature).

  23. Geophysics 87 Tsunamis in Europe Purple circles: Earthquakes with M > 7.5. The earthquake in Crete in the year 365 AD caused a tsunami, which killed up to 50 000 People in. The Messina earthquake 1908 had a death toll of 70000. The thereby released tsunami killed more than 1000 (Spektrum der Wissenschaft).

  24. Geophysics 88 Tsunamis in Europe About 8000 years ago, a giant landslide occurred on Mt. Etna: 25 km3 of rocks and debris dumped into the Ionian Sea, thereby causing a tsunami, which could be traced as far as Israel. The simulation also (nicely) shows the effect of interference (Source: Pareschi et al., GRL, 2006).

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