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Contents of the Lecture

Contents of the Lecture. 1. Introduction 2. Methods for I/O Operations 3. Buses 4. Liquid Crystal Displays 5 . Other Types of Displays 6 . Graphics Adapters 7 . Optical Discs. 7. Optical Discs. Classification of Optical Discs Compact Disc Physical Medium

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Contents of the Lecture

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  1. Contents of the Lecture • 1. Introduction • 2. Methods for I/O Operations • 3. Buses • 4. Liquid Crystal Displays • 5. Other Types of Displays • 6. Graphics Adapters • 7. Optical Discs Input/Output Systems and Peripheral Devices (07-1)

  2. 7. Optical Discs • Classification of Optical Discs • Compact Disc Physical Medium • Data Organization and Encoding • CD-ROM Drive • Compact Disc Types • DVD • Blu-Ray Discs Input/Output Systems and Peripheral Devices (07-1)

  3. Classification of Optical Discs (1) Input/Output Systems and Peripheral Devices (07-1)

  4. Classification of Optical Discs (2) • Optical discs: • R/O (Read/Only): recorded by manufacturer • R/W (Read/Write): recorded by the user • Videodiscs: • CAV (Constant Angular Velocity) • CLV (Constant Linear Velocity) • Compactdiscs: • CD-DA (Compact Disc-Digital Audio) • CD-3 Input/Output Systems and Peripheral Devices (07-1)

  5. Classification of Optical Discs (3) • CD+G (CD+Graphics) • CD+MIDI (CD+Musical Instruments Digital Interface) • CD‑I Ready (CD‑Interactive Ready) • CD EXTRA: multi-session mixed disc; it contains an audio part and a data part • CD TEXT: extension of the CD-DA format for recording the texts of songs • CD-I (CD-Interactive): it may contain video images, graphics, animation, sound, text, data Input/Output Systems and Peripheral Devices (07-1)

  6. Classification of Optical Discs (4) • CD‑ROM XA (CD‑ROM Extended Architecture): extension of the CD-ROM format with characteristics defined for the CD-I format • Photo CD: implementation of the CD-ROM/XA format for storing photographs • Video CD: format for recording compressed video and audio data • SVCD (Super Video CD): improved video and audio quality compared to Video CD format • SACD (Super Audio CD) Input/Output Systems and Peripheral Devices (07-1)

  7. Classification of Optical Discs (5) • DVD (Digital Versatile Disc) • BD (Blu-ray Disc) • BD-ROM AV (BD-ROM Audio Visual) • Writeable discs: • CD‑R (CD‑Recordable) • DVD‑R (DVD-Recordable) • DVD+R (DVD+Recordable) • BD-R (BD-Recordable) • BD-R AV (BD-RecordableAudio Visual) Input/Output Systems and Peripheral Devices (07-1)

  8. Classification of Optical Discs (6) • Rewriteable discs: • CD‑MO (CD‑Magneto Optical) • CD‑RW (CD-Read/Write) • DVD-RW (DVD-Read/Write) • DVD+RW (DVD+Read/Write) • DVD-RAM • BD-RE (BD-Rewritable) • BD-RE AV (BD-RewritableAudio Visual) Input/Output Systems and Peripheral Devices (07-1)

  9. 7. Optical Discs • Classification of Optical Discs • Compact Disc Physical Medium • Data Organization and Encoding • CD-ROM Drive • Compact Disc Types • DVD • Blu-Ray Discs Input/Output Systems and Peripheral Devices (07-1)

  10. Compact Disc Physical Medium (1) • Diameter: 12 cm; thickness: ~1.2 mm • Data are recorded as cavities called pits placed between surfaces called lands • Different reflection degree for pits and lands Input/Output Systems and Peripheral Devices (07-1)

  11. Compact Disc Physical Medium (2) • Data are recorded on a single spiral • Distance between two consecutive tracks: 1.6 m • Each bit of information requires ~300 nm Input/Output Systems and Peripheral Devices (07-1)

  12. 7. Optical Discs • Classification of Optical Discs • Compact Disc Physical Medium • Data Organization and Encoding • CD-ROM Drive • Compact Disc Types • DVD • Blu-Ray Discs Input/Output Systems and Peripheral Devices (07-1)

  13. Data Organization and Encoding • Data Organization and Encoding • Data Organization Levels • Data Recording and Encoding • First Level of Error Correction • Sector Format • Second Level of Error Correction • Sub-Channels Input/Output Systems and Peripheral Devices (07-1)

  14. Data Organization Levels • At the lowest level, data are recorded as pits and lands • Data are encodedhigh recording density; reliable error recovery • At the next level, data are organized into sectors and tracks • The High Sierraspecifications (ISO 9660standard) define a file system • Extensions: Rock Ridge, HFS, Joliet Input/Output Systems and Peripheral Devices (07-1)

  15. Data Organization and Encoding • Data Organization and Encoding • Data Organization Levels • Data Recording and Encoding • First Level of Error Correction • Sector Format • Second Level of Error Correction • Sub-Channels Input/Output Systems and Peripheral Devices (07-1)

  16. Data Recording and Encoding (1) • The bits are recorded on the medium using the RLL (Run Length Limited) method • Each pit  land transition: bit of 1 • No transition:bit of 0 • Encoding by which a data byte is represented through 14 channel bits Eight-to-Fourteen Modulation (EFM) • 3 merging bits are inserted • Data are broken up into blocks calledframes Input/Output Systems and Peripheral Devices (07-1)

  17. Data Recording and Encoding (2) • Frame structure: • Synchronization header • Control byte • 2 12 data bytes • 2 4 bytes for error detection and correction (CIRC - Cross Interleaved Reed‑Solomon Code) Input/Output Systems and Peripheral Devices (07-1)

  18. Data Organization and Encoding • Data Organization and Encoding • Data Organization Levels • Data Recording and Encoding • First Level of Error Correction • Sector Format • Second Level of Error Correction • Sub-Channels Input/Output Systems and Peripheral Devices (07-1)

  19. First Level of Error Correction • The error detection and correction system used within the frames:CIRC (Cross Interleaved Reed‑Solomon Code) • Integrated at hardware level into the disc drives • Two components: • The “Cross interleave” component breaks up the long errors into several short errors • The “Reed‑Solomon” component provides the error correction Input/Output Systems and Peripheral Devices (07-1)

  20. Data Organization and Encoding • Data Organization and Encoding • Data Organization Levels • Data Recording and Encoding • First Level of Error Correction • Sector Format • Second Level of Error Correction • Sub-Channels Input/Output Systems and Peripheral Devices (07-1)

  21. Sector Format (1) • Sector= 98 frames • 98 control bytes • 24 98 = 2352 data bytes • 8  98 = 784 error detection and correction bytes • Format similar to that of audio discs • For direct access to each sector, synchronization bytes and a header containing the sector address are used Input/Output Systems and Peripheral Devices (07-1)

  22. Sector Format (2) • 12 synchronization bytes • 00 FF .. FF 00 • The header contains 4 fields (x1 byte) • M field of absolute address (Minute), 0..99 • S field of absolute address (Second), 00..59 • F field of absolute address (Frame), 00..74 • Data mode field • Two modes of organization: Mode 1, Mode 2 Input/Output Systems and Peripheral Devices (07-1)

  23. Sector Format (3) • Mode 1 • Provided for data tracks (programs) • 2048 bytes of data • TheError Detection Code (EDC) • TheError Correction Code (ECC) Input/Output Systems and Peripheral Devices (07-1)

  24. Sector Format (4) • Mode 2 • Provided for audio and video applications • The EDC, ECC fields contain data • A sector contains 2048+288 = 2336 bytes • Mixed mode discs (ISO/IEC 10149) • First track: data (mode 1) • Other tracks: audio/video information (mode 2) Input/Output Systems and Peripheral Devices (07-1)

  25. Data Organization and Encoding • Data Organization and Encoding • Data Organization Levels • Data Recording and Encoding • First Level of Error Correction • Sector Format • Second Level of Error Correction • Sub-Channels Input/Output Systems and Peripheral Devices (07-1)

  26. Second Level of Error Correction • The error rate ensured by the CIRC method: 10-9 insufficient for data discs • For data discs a second level of error detection and correction is provided • 4 bytes for error detection (EDC) • 276 bytes for error correction (ECC) • L‑EC (Layered Error Correction), rate of 10-12 • The error detection code: Cyclic Redundancy Check (CRC) • The error correction code: Reed-Solomon Input/Output Systems and Peripheral Devices (07-1)

  27. Data Organization and Encoding • Data Organization and Encoding • Data Organization Levels • Data Recording and Encoding • First Level of Error Correction • Sector Format • Second Level of Error Correction • Sub-Channels Input/Output Systems and Peripheral Devices (07-1)

  28. Sub-Channels • Each bit of a control byte is identified by a letter: P, Q, R, S, T, U, V,W • Bits that are assigned the same letter make a sub-channel • The bits that occupy the first position in all the 98 control bytes make sub-channel P • The bits in the second position: sub-channel Q • Sub-channel Q in the lead-in area keeps the table of contents (TOC) • The last 6 bits: sub-channel R‑W Input/Output Systems and Peripheral Devices (07-1)

  29. 7. Optical Discs • Classification of Optical Discs • Compact Disc Physical Medium • Data Organization and Encoding • CD-ROM Drive • Compact Disc Types • DVD • Blu-Ray Discs Input/Output Systems and Peripheral Devices (07-1)

  30. CD-ROM Drive (1) • Thelaser diode emits an infrared beam • The beam is focused on the disc surface • The beam is positioned with a servomechanism • Part of the beam is reflected back and directed to a photodiode → electric signal Input/Output Systems and Peripheral Devices (07-1)

  31. CD-ROM Drive (2) Input/Output Systems and Peripheral Devices (07-1)

  32. CD-ROM Drive (3) • Positioning mechanism • Moves the mirror and the lens system • The optical assembly moves on a set of rails • The precise positioning onto a track is achieved with amicrocontrollerand anelectronic servo system • The servo system measures the signal level and adjusts the position of the read assembly Input/Output Systems and Peripheral Devices (07-1)

  33. CD-ROM Drive (4) • Common systems use three beams: • The beam generated by the laser diode is split into three beams with a polarized prism • The intensity of the side beams is measured signal for correcting the beam position • Compensating vertical movement: • The photodiode is split into 4 quadrants • On the disc’s deviation, the spot becomes elliptical the signals generated by the quadrants will differ • The objective lens is moved accordingly Input/Output Systems and Peripheral Devices (07-1)

  34. CD-ROM Drive (5) • Rated speed (“X” speed) • Refers to the spin speed of the disc • It is an indicator of the maximum theoretical transfer rate • A single-speed (1X) drive has the same spin speed as a standard audio CD drive • Audio drive: 75 sectors/s  75  2336 = 175,200 B/s = 171.09 KB/s • 1X CD-ROM drive: 75  2048 = 153,600 B/s = 150 KB/s Input/Output Systems and Peripheral Devices (07-1)

  35. CD-ROM Drive (6) • CLV (Constant Linear Velocity) • The spin speedis variable:higher towards the disc centre • The transfer rate is constant • Method used for audio CD drives and early generations of CD-ROM drives (1X..12X) • The first audio CD drives were designed to transfer the same amount of data in each second Input/Output Systems and Peripheral Devices (07-1)

  36. CD-ROM Drive (7) • CAV (Constant Angular Velocity) • The spin speedis constant • The transfer rate is variable • Advantage: there is no need to change the spin speed • Disadvantage: the transfer rate is reduced towards the center of the disc • Method used for CD-ROM drives with a spin speed of over 12X Input/Output Systems and Peripheral Devices (07-1)

  37. CD-ROM Drive (8) • TrueX technology • Allows to increase the performance of CD-ROM drives • Several laser beams are used to scan simultaneously multiple tracks • ASIC that contains: signal processor, servo controller, decoder, error correction system, ATAPI interface • External chip: SCSI, USB, or IEEE 1394 interface Input/Output Systems and Peripheral Devices (07-1)

  38. CD-ROM Drive (9) • The laser beam is split with a diffraction grating • The beams pass through the unidirectional mirror • Focusing: attained with the central beam • Higher transfer rates at lower revolution speeds  reducing vibrations Input/Output Systems and Peripheral Devices (07-1)

  39. 7. Optical Discs • Classification of Optical Discs • Compact Disc Physical Medium • Data Organization and Encoding • CD-ROM Drive • Compact Disc Types • DVD • Blu-Ray Discs Input/Output Systems and Peripheral Devices (07-1)

  40. Compact Disc Types • Compact Disc Types • CD-DA • CD-DA Variants • SACD • CD-R • CD-RW Input/Output Systems and Peripheral Devices (07-1)

  41. CD-DA (1) • CD-DA (Compact Disc Digital Audio) • Early generation discs had a duration of 60 minutes • Later discs: 74 or 80 minutes • The standard: “Red Book” document • Most of the later standards are based on the “Red Book” specifications with regard to the media and read procedure Input/Output Systems and Peripheral Devices (07-1)

  42. CD-DA (2) • The audio signal (analog) is sampled • Sampling rate:44.1 KHz • The Pulse Code Modulation (PCM) is used • The amplitude is represented on 16 bits • Stereo recording • Each second of sound requires 44,100  2  2 = 176,400 data bytes • The capacity of an 80-minute disc: 176,400 60  80 807 MB Input/Output Systems and Peripheral Devices (07-1)

  43. CD-DA (3) • Audio CD discs are not always produced in a complete digital way • Processing phases: recording, editing/ mixing, dubbing • The type of processing phases: indicated through a three-letter code • DDD: completely digital disc • ADD: analog recording • AAD: analog recording and editing Input/Output Systems and Peripheral Devices (07-1)

  44. Compact Disc Types • Compact Disc Types • CD-DA • CD-DA Variants • SACD • CD-R • CD-RW Input/Output Systems and Peripheral Devices (07-1)

  45. CD-DA Variants (1) • CD-3 • Diameter:3 inches (~8 cm) • Capacity: 20 minutes (CD Single) • CD+G(CD PlusGraphics) • Uses the R‑W sub-channel to store the texts of songs or some graphical data • These can be displayed with a TV set or a CD-interactive (CD-I) drive Input/Output Systems and Peripheral Devices (07-1)

  46. CD-DA Variants (2) • CD+MIDI • Uses the R‑W sub-channel to make special effects synchronized with the music • MIDI controls: note, instrument • CD-I Ready • The interval between index 0and1 is increased form 2 seconds to 3 minutes • Can be used to record: text of the songs, information about the artist, images • Reading this information: with a CD-I drive Input/Output Systems and Peripheral Devices (07-1)

  47. Compact Disc Types • Compact Disc Types • CD-DA • CD-DA Variants • SACD • CD-R • CD-RW Input/Output Systems and Peripheral Devices (07-1)

  48. SACD (1) • SACD – Super Audio Compact Disc • Uses a recording technology developed by Philips and Sony (2000) • The disc contains two layers: • A reflective layer (audio CD): stereo, 44.1 KHz, 16 bits/sample • A high-density semitransparent layer (DVD): stereo CD-DA recording + 6-channel recording + data Input/Output Systems and Peripheral Devices (07-1)

  49. SACD (2) • The two layers are read with two laser beams, with different wavelengths: • Reflective layer:  = 780 nm • Semitransparent layer:  = 650 nm • Capacity of the high-density semitransparent layer: 4.38 GB • Recording technology: Direct Stream Digital(DSD) • Sampling rate: 64 x 44.1 KHz = 2822.4 KHz; 1 bit/sample Input/Output Systems and Peripheral Devices (07-1)

  50. SACD (3) • Pulse Density Modulation (PDM) • The signal amplitude is determined by the relative density of the pulses (values of 1) Input/Output Systems and Peripheral Devices (07-1)

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