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PENGANTAR EKONOMI

PENGANTAR EKONOMI. Screen graphics created by Dr. H . Mustika Lukman Arief, SE., MM. I N TRODUCTION OF E CONOMICS. NEED UNLIMITED RESOURCES LIMITED. WHAT IS ECONOMICS ?.

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PENGANTAR EKONOMI

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  1. PENGANTAR EKONOMI Screen graphics created by Dr. H. Mustika Lukman Arief, SE.,MM.

  2. INTRODUCTION OF ECONOMICS NEED UNLIMITED RESOURCES LIMITED

  3. WHAT IS ECONOMICS ? • Economics is the study of the ways that individual and societies allocate their limited resources to try to satisfy their unlimited needs • KEY WORD : • NEED UNLIMITED • RESOURCES LIMITED

  4. Outline Introducing Mikro Ekonomi Permintaan & Penawaran Elastisitas Permintaan & Penawaran Teori Tingkah Laku Konsumen Teori Biaya Produksi Pasar Persaingan Sempurna Pasar Persaingan Tidak Sempurna

  5. . Introducing Makro Ekonomi Pendapatan Nasional Keseimbangan Aggregate Dua Sektor Keseimbangan Aggregate Tiga Sektor Keseimbangan Aggregate Empat Sektor Teori Penawaran Uang, Kurs dan Moneter Neraca Pembayaran & Perdagangan Pertumbuhan & Pembangunan Ekonomi

  6. Reference Economics; Book 1 & 2; PA. Samuelson Mikro Ekonomi; Teori Pengantar; Sadono Sukirno; Edisi ketiga; 2005 Makro Ekonomi; Teori Pengantar; Sadono Sukirno; Edisi ketiga; 2005

  7. ECONOMICS RESOURCES: LIMITED NEEDS: UNLIMITED GAP • INFLATION • UNEMPLOYMENT • UNEQUALITY • - FUNCTIONAL & • - REGIONAL • - INDIVIDUAL • POVERTY • Balance of Payment ECONOMICS PROBLEMS • NR • HR • CR • E • WHAT’S • HOW • WHEN • FOR WHOM GOODS & SERVICES CHOICES OPPORTUNITY COST

  8. GAP • RESOURCES LIMITED : • NR, HR, CR & Entrepreneur • GOODS & SERVICES • CHOICES • OPPORTUNITY COST

  9. ECONOMICS PROBLEM • INFLATION • UN-EMPLOYMENT • UN-EQUALITY : functional & size, regional, individual • POVERTY

  10. TYPES OF ECONOMICS SYSTEM • TRADITIONAL ECONOMIC SYSTEM • A system in which the question what, how, for whom and when are answered in the same way from generation to generation

  11. . • COMMAND ECONOMIC SYSTEM • A system in which the question what, how, for whom and when are answered by a central authority • MARKET SYSTEM • A system in which the question what, how, for whom and when are answered through independent decision of the people. This often used interchange able with capitalism

  12. . • MIXED ECONOMY • An economics system in which there are elements of tradition, command and the market

  13. ACTORS OF ECONOMY • HOUSEHOLD • Suppliers of input factor • Demander of goods and services • Payer taxes

  14. . • FIRMS • Suppliers of goods and services • Demander of input factor • Payer of Taxes

  15. . • GOVERNMENT • To protect private property • To regulate money • To produce public goods and services • To assess social cost • To regulate and maintain competition • To promote economic growth and stability • To fight poverty • To eliminate discrimination • To receive of taxes • To send of subsidy

  16. MICRO VS MACRO • MICROECONOMICS • Efficiency of Resources • Maximum Satisfaction • MACROECONOMICS • Government Regulation • Demand and Supply Aggregate Activity

  17. MACROECONOMICS ISSUES • HIGH PERFORMANCE GROWTH AND STABILITY • IMPROVEMENT ECONOMIC • PRICE STABILITY • UN-EMPLOYMENT / POVERTY REDUCTION

  18. INFLUENCES OF MACRO ACTIVITY • PRIVATE CONSUMPTION • INVESTMENT • GOVERNMENT EXPENDITURE • NET EXPORT ( EXPORT – IMPORT )

  19. MACROECONOMIC PROBLEM • ECONOMIC GROWTH • UNSTABLE OF ECO ACTIVITY • UNEMPLOYMENT AND INFLATION • TRADE AND BALANCE OF PAYMENT

  20. MACROECONOMIC POLICY • FISCAL POLICY • Government expenditures and Taxation • MONETARY POLICY • Control of the money supply by the federal reserve system • SUPPLY SIDE POLICY • Ad Hoc policies to address specific problems

  21. GOAL OF MACROECONOMIC • RAPID GROWTH • PRICE STABILITY • INCOME EQUALITY • FULL EMPLOYMENT • BALANCE OF PAYMENTS EQUILIBRIUM • EQUITABLE DISTRIBUTION OF INCOME

  22. RAPID GROWTH • SHIFT PRODUCTION POSSIBILITIES CURVE AT RATE SUCH THAT JOBS ARE CREATED AT SAME RATE AS GROWTH IN LABOR FORCE

  23. PRICE STABILITY • SHIFT AGGREGATE SUPPLY (AS) AND AGGREGATE DEMAND (AD) CURVE AT SAME RATE

  24. INCOME EQUALITY • REDUCES PURCHASING POWER OF INCOME • TRANSFER PURCHASING POWER FROM FIXED INCOME RECIPIENTS • DISTORTS INCENTIVES AND DECISION MAKING

  25. FULL EMPLOYMENT • AUTOMATIC STABILIZATION EXPENDITURE THAT RISE WHEN UNEMPLOYMENT INCREASES AND FALL WHEN UNEMPLOYMENT FALLS • UNEMPLOYMENT BENEFIT • WELFARE PAYMENTS • INCOME, SALES, AND EXCISE TAXES

  26. BALANCE OF PAYMENT • BUDGET ENFORCEMENT • Caps discretionary spending • Creates PAYGO system  PAYGO= applies only to NEW LEGISLATION and Amendments to former legislation • Created Three Categories of Spending • Net Interest on Debt • Discreationary Spending • Mandatory or Direct Spending

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