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Intro to Archeology: Week #2 Notes

This week's notes delve into the rich archaeological history of Native Americans in North America, especially focusing on Michigan. We explore significant sites such as the Sanilac Bowman and Kalamazoo Beaver Island Gardens, along with key theories regarding the migration and lifestyle of Paleo peoples. From the formation of the Great Lakes to the distinct cultural developments during the Early Woodland and Mississippian periods, we analyze burial practices, tool technologies, and socioeconomic structures of tribes over 10,000 years. The notes also highlight changes brought about by European contact in the 17th century. ###

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Intro to Archeology: Week #2 Notes

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  1. Intro to Archeology: Week #2 Notes

  2. Native Americans in North America: • Michigan Sites: • Sanilac Bowman • Kalamazoo Beaver Island Gardens

  3. Michigan Sites: • Rifle River Enclosures • Mt. Pleasant: Mystic Symbols • Michigan Mounds:

  4. Theories about Native Americans: • 1960’s – Paleo peoples came from the West • John Wesley Powell’s Theory

  5. Theories about Native Americans: • Current: • Earliest came from East Coast • Clovis Sites and Older: • From Asia

  6. Native Americans: • 10,000 BP (Before Present) • Glacial Ice Restricts nomadic cultures • Shelters made of wood and bark • Clothing – Animal Skins • Tools – Chipped bone or stone

  7. Native Americans: • 10,000 BP • Political Structure: Small bands (Tribes) • Chieftains – Head of extended family groups • Religion – Belief in Afterlife (Burials) • Hunting: Followed herds (Seasonal) • Camels, Horses, Mammoths, Caribou • Hunted large animals to extinction

  8. Native Americans: • 7,000 BP: • Pine Forest appear as ice retreats • Fluted Points reduced – New Technologies

  9. Native Americans: • Aqua Plano People: • New Tools • Stone Blades • Spear Points • Scrapers • Bi-faced Choppers • Hunted: • Deer, Elk, Caribou, Fish

  10. Native Americans: • Borial Archaic: 7,000 BP • Tools: • Wood Working – Axe, Adz, Gouges • Make dwellings, utensils, dug-out canoes • Hunting and Fishing: • Main source of food • Spear Throwers • Fishhooks, Nets, and Harpoons

  11. Native Americans: • Borial Archaic: • Society: • Tribes – Small bands of people • Elaborate burials – Religion • Metallurgy: Early Copper Mines • Copper celts • Beads • Gogets

  12. Native Americans: • Old Copper Indians: 2500 BP • Metal Fabricators • Hunting: Elk, Deer, Caribou, Lynx, Bison, Ducks, Cranes, Swans, and Owls • Fishing important

  13. Native Americans: • Formation of Modern Day Great Lakes: • 3000 BP • Lakes Michigan and Huron rise to make single body of water

  14. Native Americans: • Early Woodland Period: 950 BC – 100 BC • Adena and Hopewell Mound Builders • Some Sedentary Living Styles • Hunting and Gathering Wild Foods • Stemmed Projectile Points

  15. Native Americans: • Early Woodland Period: • Copper Tools • Possible use of Tobacco • Hopewell 0-800 AD • Great Lakes Region

  16. Native Americans: • Hopewell: • Farming, Hunting and Fishing • Crops: Corn, Squash, and Beans

  17. Hopewell Mound Builders: • Burial Mounds/Religious Centers • Norton Mounds • Effigy Mounds: • Serpent Mound - Ohio

  18. Serpent Mound:

  19. Hopewell: • Materials: • Show Vast Trade Networks • Grizzly Bear Teeth (Pacific NW) • Copper (N. Mich) • Conch Shells (SE U.S.) • Obsidian Blades (New Mexico) • Mica (New Hampshire)

  20. Hopewell: • Material Goods: • Effigy Pipes and Figures • Pottery – Storage • Armbands – Copper and Silver • Body Ornaments – Mica and Copper • Textiles – Weaving • Tempered Pottery

  21. Hopewell Sites: • Kingston: “Reed” and basket weaving site • N. Lapeer County • Flint and Cass River Basin • Saginaw River and Saginaw Bay • Wayne and Oakland Counties

  22. Hopewell: • Society: • Expanded Social Organizations • Heredity Ranks and Privileges • Division of Labor • Cooperative Work Projects – Mounds • Trade Network

  23. Late Woodland Period: • 800 – 1600 AD • Cultural Diversity: • Bow and Arrow • Domesticated Dogs • Pottery and Better Dwellings – Long Houses • Temple and Effigy Mounds – More Complex

  24. Late Woodland Period: • Mississippian Culture: • Cahokia – Mississippi River • Complex City • Population: 20,000 • Agricultural • Temple Mounds

  25. European Contact: • 1600 – 1700 AD • 100,000 Natives in Upper Great Lakes Region • 1 per square mile • Most in Ontario (45,000)

  26. European Contact: • Contact Groups: • Ojibwa/Chippewa (Hurons) • Small family groups, Nomadic Hunters • Ottawa and Potawatomi • Saux, Fox, Miami • Winnebago, Menomini

  27. Breakdown of Tribal Culture: • 1760 – 1820 AD • Establish protocol for contact and appraisal • European Trade Goods enter culture • Disease – Kills up to 95% of population • War – Pontiac’s and Tecumseh's Rebellion • Treaties and settlement

  28. Classification of Pre-Historic Artifacts: • Interpretation: • Handbooks, Photographs, Reference Books • Individuals Provide descriptions or authentications • Proper way of Labeling items and inventory site records

  29. Preservation of Findings: • Security – Collection and storage of items • Protect location for housing and cleaning • Contact List for advise regarding preservation

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