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SP 225 Lecture 4

SP 225 Lecture 4. Introduction to Data and Levels of Measurement. Manipulating Data Sheets. GENERAL Social Survey and SPSS. How Do We Collect Data to Test Hypothesis?. Natural Sciences Physical Measurements Observations Social Sciences Survey Data Community Observations Interviews.

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SP 225 Lecture 4

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  1. SP 225Lecture 4 Introduction to Data and Levels of Measurement

  2. Manipulating Data Sheets GENERAL Social Survey and SPSS

  3. How Do We Collect Data to Test Hypothesis? • Natural Sciences • Physical Measurements • Observations • Social Sciences • Survey Data • Community Observations • Interviews

  4. Preparing Data For Analysis • Enter data from survey to spreadsheet • Adopt a common meaning for spreadsheet entries • Called a ‘code’ • Used to standardize entries • Protect against data entry errors

  5. Survey Data • Standardizing and interpreting responses • Managing missing or erroneous responses

  6. Designing Better Surveys • Remove opportunities for question misinterpretation • Change survey administration method

  7. General Social Survey • Began in 1972 • Began as an annual study • Currently conducted on even years • Administered by the University of Chicago National Opinion Research Center • Funded by the National Institute of Science and Foundations

  8. Usage • Over 12,000 research uses • 250,000 students use the data annually

  9. Study Design • Block Design • Cluster Design • Methodology has been varied to understand any impact methodology has on study results • We can analyze it as a random sample

  10. Study Questions • Some questions asked every year • Other mini-studies administered each year

  11. Topics by Year • Extending Scales on Race, Abortion, and Feminism. (1977) • Attitudes on the Military and Military Recruitment. (1982) • Social Networks. (1985) • Sociopolitical Participation. (1987) • Religion. (1988) • Intergroup Relations. (1990) • Work Organizations. (1991) • Culture. (1993) • Family Mobility and Multiculturalism. (1994) • Mental Health, Emotions, Gender, Markets and Giving and Volunteering (1996) • Job Experiences, Mental Health, Medical Care, Medical Ethics, Culture, Religion/Religion and Health. (1998)

  12. Guide to GSS Contents • http://webapp.icpsr.umich.edu/GSS/index.html

  13. Manipulating Data in SPSS • Opening data sheets • Viewing and reading data • Creating an SPSS data sheet

  14. Levels Of measurement

  15. Levels of Measurement All data can be classified into one of four categories • Nominal • Ordinal • Interval • Ratio

  16. Implication of the Level of Measurement • Analysis • Mathematical Calculations of the Data Each level of measurement represents an increasing degree of complexity in the data

  17. Levels of Measurement • Nominal: data consisting of names and labels (i.e.. Color) • Ordinal: data can be arranged in order but differences between data values are meaningless (i.e.. Rating systems) • Interval: data that can be arranged in order with meaningful differences between data points but no natural zero. (i.e.. Years) • Ratio: data that has the properties of interval data with a natural zero (i.e.. Weight)

  18. Levels of Measurement

  19. Name the Level of Measurement • Consumer reports magazine ratings of “best buy”, “recommended” and “not recommended” • Number of yes responses when 500 students are asked if they have ever engaged in binge drinking • Temperature in New York

  20. M&M Example • What characteristics of a bag of M&M’s are nominal, ordinal or interval/ratio in measurement?

  21. Levels of Measurement in Data Collection • Identifying levels of measurement from a survey question • Changing the level of measurement • Identifying levels of measurement from a described research project

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