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Reconstruction 1863-77

Reconstruction 1863-77. I. The “Unfinished” Revolution. A. Was Reconstruction Revolutionary?. No - whites kept most property; caste system maintained Yes - Constitutional changes; emancipation; groundwork for the future. B. Contemporary Views.

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Reconstruction 1863-77

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  1. Reconstruction 1863-77

  2. I. The “Unfinished” Revolution

  3. A. Was Reconstruction Revolutionary? • No- whites kept most property; caste system maintained • Yes- Constitutional changes; emancipation; groundwork for the future

  4. B. Contemporary Views • Lincoln- states had never left- quick as possible • Radicals- “foreign” territory- great, historic opportunity

  5. C. Challenge of the Aftermath • Loss of manpower- 600 K; ¼ of military-age Southerners • Total War • Problem of “freedom”- freed people nowhere to go

  6. Competing Plans for Reconstructing the South

  7. A. Presidential 1863-67 • Pardons for most • Oath-takers could vote- elites back in power • Ratification of 13th Amendment

  8. Black Codes- economic rationale- maintain hierarchy- tolerated by moderates

  9. B. Congressional / Radical Reconstruction • Waving the “bloody shirt” From the beginning of our history the country has been afflicted with compromise. It is by compromise that human rights have been abandoned.- Charles Sumner

  10. Expansion of Federal Power- Civil Rights Act of 1866- Freedmen’s Bureau1865- 14th Amendment1866 Dual Citizenship

  11. Review Sessions for Final ExamThursday April 26, 3:30 P.M. - HUMB 360Friday April 27, 1:00 - ?    PicklefishMonday April 30, 7:30 P.M. - HUMB 360& by appointment

  12. III. Reconstruction and Constitutional Crisis

  13. A. Andrew Johnson • Inferiority complex • Opposition to reform • Struggle with Congress- Tenure of Office Act

  14. B. Congress takes control • Southern military districts

  15. Redefined voting rights • Ratification of 14th Amendment Section. 1. All persons born or naturalized in the United States and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States and of the State wherein they reside. No State shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States…

  16. IV. Reform and Its Limits

  17. A. Land distribution • “40 acres and a mule”- Sherman’s order- 1880, 20% freed land owners • Opposition to land re-distribution

  18. Rise of sharecropping- 1880: 10% own 60% of land- white and black sharecroppers

  19. B. Racial Radicalism • Terrorism- Ku Klux Klan 1866- lynching • Stereotypes- violent- sexual- commercial

  20. C. Politics • Voting rights- 15th Amendment 1870- “Party of Lincoln” 1932 • Redemption

  21. D. Constitutional changes • Amendments- 13th 1865- 14th 1866- 15th 1870 • Basis of “3rd” American Revolution- Civil Rights, 1950s-60s

  22. E. Social Relations • White men- “extra” legal caste system • Class antagonism - Populism 1880s+- Tom Watson

  23. Black men- legally free- “manhood” = own land; marry; protect family; military service- antagonism reflects psychological shift

  24. White women- “pedestal to politics”- construction of the Lost Cause Myth

  25. Black women- “Aren’t I a Woman?” Sojourner Truth- double burden 19th century ideals conflicted witheconomic reality Church; education

  26. V. End of the Experiment • Westward Expansion- 1876 Little Big Horn- Plains Culture 1866-90 • Republican corruption- Crèdit Mobilier 1872- Whiskey Ring 1875

  27. Northern Democrats rebound- immigration- labor movement • Election of 1876

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