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Chapter 40

Chapter 40. Basic Principles of Animal Form and Function. Diverse Forms, Common Challenges. 40.1 Animal Form and function are correlated at all levels of organization. Not a process of conscious invention but the result of a pattern of development programmed by the genome

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Chapter 40

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  1. Chapter 40 Basic Principles of Animal Form and Function

  2. Diverse Forms, Common Challenges

  3. 40.1 Animal Form and function are correlated at all levels of organization • Not a process of conscious invention but the result of a pattern of development programmed by the genome • Physical constraints on size and shape – physical laws that govern strength, diffusion, movement, and heat exchange • Ex) fusiform body shape/convergent evolution • http://www.captseaweed.com/dolphin-videos.html#stampede • http://www.discovery.com/tv-shows/shark-week/videos/how-sharks-swim/ • http://www.livescience.com/24122-why-insects-are-not-bigger.html

  4. 40.1(con’t) • Exchange with the Environment – such as? - recall lab with agar cubes

  5. 40.1(con’t) • How is exchange accomplished in more complex animal? • https://cms.webstudy.com/WebstudyFileSystem/testovaci/GetFile/293875/Ch%2022/Ch22a/figure_22_22b_labeled.jpg • http://sphweb.bumc.bu.edu/otlt/MPH-Modules/PH/Ph709_RespiratoryHealth/TerminalBronchiole-Alveoli.png • http://biowiki.ucdavis.edu/@api/deki/files/2070/Figure_41_03_03.png?revision=1

  6. 40.1(con’t) What are the advantages of a complex body plan compared to a simpler one?

  7. 40.1(con’t) • Hierarchical Organization of Body Plans – cells tissues organs organ system(table 40.1 p. 855) • Largest organ? Function? • Multifunctional organ? Function? • Tissue Structure and Function – 4 main categories 1. epithelial 2. connective 3. muscle 4. nervous

  8. 40.1 (con’t) • Epithelial Tissue – outside covering/lines organs and cavities • tight junctions • barrier against mechanical injury, pathogens, and fluid loss • Cell shape – cuboidal, columnar, or squamous • Simple, stratified, or pseudostratified • Shape is related to function

  9. 40.1(con’t) • Connective tissue – bind and support other tissues in the body/sparse population of cells scattered throughout an extracellular matrix • 6 major types – loose c.t., cartilage, fibrous c.t., adipose tissue, blood, and bone • Connective tissue fibers – collagenous, elastic, and reticular • Collagenous – strength and flexibility • Elastic – easily stretched, but resilient • Reticular – thin and branched/join c.t. to adjacent tissue • Cell types – fibroblasts –secrete protein of extracellular fibers and macrophages – roam to engulf foreign particles and debris of dead cells

  10. 40.1(con’t) • Muscle Tissue – responsible for body movement/actin and myosin/energy consuming • Types – skeletal, cardiac, and smooth • Nervous tissue – to sense stimuli and transmit signals in the form of nerve impulses from one part of animal to another • Neurons, glial cells

  11. 40.1(con’t) • Coordination and control – endocrine and nervous/gradual vs immediate and rapid response • Hormones – only cells with receptors respond/cells can have more than 1 receptor type/slow acting but can be long lasting • Nerve impulse – axons • Impulse received by: other neurons, muscle cells, endocrine cells, and exocrine cells • Both chemical and electrical • Fast acting, short duration

  12. 40.2 Feedback control loops maintain the internal environment in many animals • Regulating and Conforming – regulate internal conditions despite fluctuations in the environment/internal conditions conform to external conditions • May regulate some internal conditions and not others • http://www.bbc.co.uk/education/guides/zg2xxnb/revision/6

  13. 40.2(con’t) • Homeostasis – steady state or internal balance • Ex) body temperature, pH of blood, solute concentration of glucose in blood - Mechanisms – see Fig. 40.8 – set point, stimulus, sensor, response - Feedback Loops –negative(a response that reduces the stimulus) vs positive(amplify the stimulus – do not usually contribute to homeostasis) - Ex) exercise  produce heat sweat evaporative cooling - acclimatization – temporary change during an animal’s lifetime http://www.higherpeak.com/altitudechart.html

  14. 40.3 homeostatic processes for thermoregulation involve form, function, and behavior • Thermoregulation – critical to survival – why? • Endothermy and ectothermy – birds and mammals vs amphibians, lizards, snakes, turtles, many fishes, and most invertebrates • Heat generated by metabolism vs gained from environment • Variation in body temperature – poikilotherm vs homeotherm(constant body temperature) • Balancing heat loss and gain – conduction, convection, radiation, and evaporation

  15. 40.3(con’t) • Insulation – reduces flow of heat between an animal and its environment • Ex) hair, feathers, layers of fat

  16. 40.3(con’t) • Circulatory Adaptations – regulate blood flow/heat flow • Vasodilation – increase in diameter of blood vessels • Vasoconstriction – reduces blood flow and heat transfer • Countercurrent exchange – the flow of adjacent fluids in opposing directions that maximizes transfer rates of heat or solutes

  17. 40.3(con’t)

  18. 40.3(con’t) • Cooling by evaporative heat loss – water absorbs heat when it evaporates • Panting, sweating • Behavioral responses – hibernation, migration • Sun or shade for ectotherms • Bees huddle together

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