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Tumors

Tumors. Prepared by : Dr. Nehad J. Ahmed. Cancer is a disease that results from abnormal growth and differentiation of tissues. Tumor or neoplasm - A mass of tissue in which the growth rate is excessive and uncoordinated when compared with normal tissues

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Tumors

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  1. Tumors Prepared by : Dr. Nehad J. Ahmed

  2. Cancer is a disease that results from abnormal growth and differentiation of tissues. • Tumor or neoplasm - A mass of tissue in which the growth rate is excessive and uncoordinated when compared with normal tissues • Benign neoplasm - Tumor cells that tend to be clustered in a single mass and are not malignant

  3. Malignant neoplasm— Tumors that have the ability to or break loose and spread to other areas of the body. • Metastasis — The ability of tumor cells to spread to other parts of the body and establish secondary tumors. • A genetic predisposition has been observed for a number of cancers including colon cancer, breast cancer, retinoblastoma and certain forms of leukemia and lymphoma.

  4. Study of tumors is oncology from Greek for tumor • Any increase in tissue size is not necessarily neoplasia • Increase in skeletal muscle fiber size is a physiologic response to exercise, but the cardiac hypertrophy shown above is a pathologic response to abnormally elevated blood pressure.

  5. One in three people in the Western world develop cancer and one in five die of the disease • There are approximately 200 types of cancer, each with different causes, symptoms and treatments • An individual's risk of developing cancer depends on many factors, including age, lifestyle and genetic make-up

  6. Different Kinds of Cancer

  7. Theories of oncogenesis • Abnormalities of tumor suppressor/inducer genes • Mutation of DNA

  8. Manifestations of cancer • Many cancers may be asymptomatic in the early stages. As the tumors continue to grow, they affect local tissues as well as the overall body. 1- Local effects of cancer • Compression of blood vessels • Ischemia • Pain • Bleeding • Infection • Altered tissue function

  9. 2- Systemic effects of cancer • Fatigue •Cachexia • Bleeding and hemorrhage • Anemia due to chronic bleeding or bone marrow destruction; this anemia may be exacerbated by chemotherapy • Altered organ function • Abnormal hormone production from an affected gland or directly from certain types of hormone-producing tumors

  10. Cachexia A complex syndrome characterized by anorexia, weight loss and lean body (muscle) wasting seen in a significant percent of patients with cancer and AIDS.

  11. Cancer detection • Tumor cell markers • Visualization • Biopsy

  12. Staging of Tumors • T — Primary tumor (T1–T4 ) • N — Involvement of lymph nodes (N1–N3 ) • M — Distant metastasis (M1–M4 )

  13. Thank You

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