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Motivation and Emotion in Psychology

Explore the basic concepts of motivation and emotion in psychology, from instincts to drives and operant conditioning. Learn about biological drives, homeostasis, and the role of rewards in intrinsic and extrinsic motivation. Discover the impact of external factors and cultural differences on aggression and achievement. Dive into the psychology of affiliation and its effects on social behavior.

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Motivation and Emotion in Psychology

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  1. Motivation- Basic Concepts Unit VIII Motivation and Emotion

  2. Instincts • ________ are complex behaviors that have ______ patterns throughout the species and are not _______ (Tinbergen, 1951) • Must be performed __________ in the same way as ____ members of a species in relation to a certain stimulus.

  3. DO humans have instincts? • During the height of the Instinct Theory craze a meta-analysis found ______‘instincts’ • This theory fell out of favor in psychology • Most human behaviors are ________ • Human behavior is rarely _______ and found throughout the species • Humans have _________ but not instincts • However, we may be __________ to act certain ways

  4. Needs vs. drives • A _______ is a requirement that ______ to be fulfilled. • You need to breathe, drink water, and eat food. • You need security. • You need _______. • You need (want) money (lots of it) • A need creates a state of ______ called a _____. • Drive keeps us _______ and working to fulfill the need. • If we are driven by our need for achievement (money, fame, property) we keep working to fulfill this need. • Needs can be biological, _______, and social.

  5. Biological Drives (Primary Drives) • _________ drive based on a ___________ state found in all animals. • Motivate behavior necessary for survival. • ________________ • Hunger • Thirst • Sex • _____________ psychology talks about the four Fs (fighting, fleeing, feeding, and reproducing)

  6. Homeostasis • ________ explains why we ______ fulfilling biological drives. • Is the ability or tendency of an organism to maintain internal ________ or balance. • A state of psychological equilibrium obtained when _______ of a drive has been ___________ or eliminated.

  7. Secondary Drives- not biologically dictated • ___________ drives • Wealth • ____________ • Fame

  8. Operant Conditioning • You do things to get ________ and to avoid __________ Go to work Come home at curfew

  9. Operant conditioning factors • __________- environmental cues that trigger a motive or a desire for a __________. • When a _________ creates goal-directed behavior- you do it to get a reward. Seeing a cue stimulates a motive. This is why ads use sex. It gets attention and stimulates a desire.

  10. Two general types of rewards • __________- from the action itself or from ________ • _________- for something ______

  11. Intrinsic motivators • Refers to ________ that comes from ______ an individual rather than from any ______ or outside rewards, such as money or grades. • It is ____________ than external motivation.

  12. Extrinsic motivators • Refers to __________ that comes from _________ or outside rewards, such as money or grades.

  13. Over justification effect • Where promising a _______ for doing something we already ______ to do results in us seeing the reward as the ____________ for performing the task. • When the reward is taken away, the behavior is likely to _____________.

  14. We need contact • Harry Harlow and the orphaned monkeys • Surrogate Mother 1- _______, food and warmth. • Surrogate Mother 2- _________, warmth but no food.

  15. Application of Harlow’s research

  16. Aggression • _________ that is intended to inflict _______ or ____________ harm on others. • Freud saw it as an _______ drive (__________) that builds up until released. • Society helps channel release into acceptable outlets: • ________ • Debates • Video games • _______ can increase aggression.

  17. Cultural Differences in Aggression

  18. Cultural differences in aggression

  19. Gender Differences: aggression

  20. Gender differences in aggression

  21. Why? • _______________? • Can be associated with _________ and _________ • Would explain how this pattern is seen throughout cultures • ________ influences?

  22. Jackson Katz: Violence against women- it’s a mans issue

  23. Achievement • ________ orientation • Desire to work ______ to do a good job • __________ • Take on difficult challenges just to get better • __________ • Enjoyment of pitting one’s skills against those of other people (this can hurt you and your groups though)

  24. Who achieves? • _____________ of those who achieve: • Fast learners • ___________ mental sets • Driven to live up to high internal standards • Self __________ • Take on responsibilities • Don’t bow to _______ pressures

  25. Affiliation • The ________ to be with other people • Increase when we feel _________ • Reduce _______ and anxiety • _____________ benefit

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