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Understanding Skin: Anatomy, Physiology, Histology, and Embryology Insights

The skin is an essential organ, serving as the body's outer protective covering. Composed of two main tissue types, the epidermis (epithelial tissue) and the dermis (connective tissue), it plays a critical role in protection against desiccation, UV radiation, and temperature extremes. The skin's structure includes hair, nails, and segmented divisions known as dermatomes. This comprehensive overview explores skin anatomy, its physiological functions, histological composition, and embryological origins, highlighting the complexity and importance of this vital organ in the human body.

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Understanding Skin: Anatomy, Physiology, Histology, and Embryology Insights

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  1. Skin as an organizing model What is it? (Anatomy) What does it do? (Physiology) What is it made of? (Histology) Where does it come from? (Embryology) Frolich, Human Anatomy, Skin

  2. What is it (anatomy)? • Outer covering of body • Keratinized • Hair—head, pubic regions • Nails—fingers, toes • Divided into segments called dermatomes (“Zebra-man”) • CE (clinical example): Shingles Frolich, Human Anatomy, Skin

  3. What does it do (physiology)? • [brainstorm] Frolich, Human Anatomy, Skin

  4. What does it do? • PROTECTION • Air = desiccation • Water = bloating/”pruning” • Sun/u-v = burns • Cold/heat = frostbite/heat stroke/thermoregulation • STRUCTURAL • Integrity of body • Muscle attachment Frolich, Human Anatomy, Skin

  5. How does it do it? • PROTECTION (mostly epidermis) • Desiccation—keratin, lipid layer • Water = keratin, lipid layer • Sun/u-v = role of pigment/melanin • Cold/heat = surface blood vessels • STRUCTURAL (mostly ddermis) • Integrity—Dermal layer has network of tough collagen fibers in connective tissue • Sub-dermal layer where muscle tendons insert Frolich, Human Anatomy, Skin

  6. What is it made of?(histology—study of tissues) • Layers of skin are two fundamental types of tissue organization • Epidermis = epithelium • Dermis = connective tissue Frolich, Human Anatomy, Skin

  7. Frolich, Human Anatomy, Skin

  8. Epidermis—a stratified epithelium Frolich, Human Anatomy, Skin

  9. Dermis—connective tissue substrate Frolich, Human Anatomy, Skin

  10. Skin is really an organ… • Made up of two very different basic tissue types • the epidermis which is composed of epithelial tissues • The dermis which is composed of connective tissue On to a review of basic tissue types… (“Tissues” presentation) Frolich, Human Anatomy, Skin

  11. Where does it come from (Embryology) After review of basic tissue types, on to introduction to embryology and basic human body plan • outer and inner tubes of body (skin as epithelial layer and part of skeletal structure of outer tube) • Segmentation (skin reflects basic segmented organization of human body seen in vertebrae, ribs, nerves, etc.) (“Basic Human Body Plan” presentation) Frolich, Human Anatomy, Skin

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