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Aspetto Femminile in “The French Lieutenant's Woman” di John Fowles

Aspetto Femminile in “The French Lieutenant's Woman” di John Fowles. Analisi: Condizione della donna in epoca Vittoriana Teorie psicoanalitiche moderne, post-moderne e del cinema Personaggi femminili principali del romanzo. Condizione della donna in epoca Vittoriana:

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Aspetto Femminile in “The French Lieutenant's Woman” di John Fowles

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  1. Aspetto Femminile in “The French Lieutenant's Woman” di John Fowles

  2. Analisi: • Condizione della donna in epoca Vittoriana • Teorie psicoanalitiche moderne, post-moderne e del cinema • Personaggi femminili principali del romanzo

  3. Condizione della donna in epoca Vittoriana: • Corpo femminile visto come elemento puro, pulito, consacrato al marito • Dipendeva dal marito • Badare a casa e famiglia • L'istruzione non era considerata fondamentale • Aspetto principale era la sua reputazione

  4. Dopo la metà del XIX secolo • Accesso alle professioni di medico, infermiera e ostetrica • 1839 diritto di custodia dei minori con il divorzio per giusta causa • 1857 diritto al limitato acceso al divorzio in caso di adulterio, violenza del marito • 1886 diritto di custodia dei figli in caso di morte del padre

  5. Teorie Psicoanalitiche L'immagine principale della teoria freudiana era l'inferiorità del sesso femminile, infatti riconosceva: “le donne come uomini castrati, che soffrono di invidia del pene e di un Super-Io debole, causa di inferiorità morale. La loro unica speranza per il raggiungimento di una femminilità piena è la maternità e il possesso di un bambino, che rappresenta un pene simbolico. Anche alla maternità non viene data grande importanza: la centralità del complesso edipico dà grande importanza al padre e minimizza quella della madre”. 1 1 Muriel Dimen, “Ilgenerenelmodernismo e post-modernismo: daldualismoalla moltiplicità”, ricercapsicoanalitica, 2003, XIV, 3, pp 232-236, p. 234

  6. Teorie psicoanalitiche moderne Karen Horney critica il pensiero freudiano sostenendo che la psicoanalisi stesse esprimendo inconsciamente timore e invidia per la fecondità femminile. Clara Thompson sostiene che l'inferiorità della donna sia dovuta dalla condizione sociale ed economica in cui viveva e non dalla mancanza di un organo biologico, come insinuava Freud.

  7. Femminismo della differenza Femminismo critico riguardo al genere “Ciò che le donne sono, come spiega il femminismo della differenza, non è tutto quello che le donne vogliono, ed è ciò che ci dice il femminismo critico.”2 Teoria psicoanalitica post moderna che vuole migliorare il modo con il quale si pensa alle donne. 2 Ibid., p. 240

  8. Teorie psicoanalitiche e femministe del cinema • Donna divenuta oggetto di gaze e desire • Identificazione da parte dello spettatore/spettatrice in con un personaggio del film indipendentemente dal proprio sesso • Invito a non proporsi come oggetto della mascolinità

  9. THE FRENCH LIEUTENANT’S WOMAN ERNESTINA FREEMAN Incarna i principi di purezza, dovere e obbedienza tipici dell'epoca Vittoriana. MRS. POULTENEY Può essere vista come archetipo di monitoraggio della moralità religiosa. “Failure to be seen at church, both at matins and at evensong, on Sunday was tantamount to proof of the worst moral laxity”3 3 J. Fowles, The French Lieutenant's Woman, (1969), New York: New American library , Signet, 1970, p. 22

  10. SARAH WOODRUFF • Viene descritta come “The French Lieutenant's Whore” • È isterica • È misteriosa “Every emancipation is a restoration of the human world and of human relationships to man himself. Marx, Zur Judenfrage (1844)”

  11. Il dottore si finge Sarah dicendo: I [Sarah] am a young woman of superior intelligence and some education. I think the world has done badly by me. I am not in full command of my emotions. I do foolish things, such as throwing myself at the head of the first handsome rascal who is put in my path. What is worse, I have fallen in love with being a victim of fate. I put out a very professional line in the way of looking melancholy. I have tragic eyes. I weep without explanation …. Egli conclude: “Sarah has been possessed by her dark sadness and falls into the “obscure melancholia”.4 4 Ibid., p. 177

  12. "Because you have travelled. Because you are educated. Because you are a gentleman. Because... because, I do not know, I live among people the world tells me are kind, pious, Christian people. And they seem to me crueller than the cruellest heathens, stupider than the stupidest animals. I cannot believe that the truth is so. That life is without understanding or compassion. That there are not spirits generous enough to understand what I have suffered and why I suffer... and that, whatever sins I have committed, it is not right that I should suffer so much." "My only happiness is when I sleep. When I wake, the nightmare begins. I feel cast on a desert island, imprisoned, condemned, and I know not what crime it is for."5 5 Ibid., p.116

  13. "Mr. Smithson, what I beg you to understand is not that I did this shameful thing, but why I did it. Why I sacrificed a woman's most precious possession for the transient gratification of a man I did not love. I did it so that I should never be the same again. I did it so that people should point at me, should say, there walks the French Lieutenant's Whore. So that they should know I have suffered, and suffer, as others suffer in every town and village in this land. I could not marry that man. So I married shame.I do not mean that I knew what I did, that it was in cold blood that I let Varguennes have his will of me. It seemed to me then as if I threw myself off a precipice or plunged a knife into my heart. It was a kind of suicide. An act of despair, Mr. Smithson. I know it was wicked... blasphemous, but I knew no other way to break out of what I was. What has kept me alive is my shame, my knowing that I am truly not like other women. I shall never have children, a husband, and those innocent happinesses they have. And they will never understand the reason for my crime. Sometimes I almost pity them. I think I have a freedom they cannot understand. No insult, no blame, can touch me. Because I have set myself beyond the pale. I am nothing, I am hardly human any more. I am the French Lieutenant's Whore."6 6 Ibid., p. 142

  14. “It was not that she hated men, not that she materially despised him more than other men, but that her manoeuvres were simply a part of her armoury, mere instruments to a greater end. He saw deeper still: that her supposed present happiness was another lie. In her central being she suffered still, in the same old way; and that was the mystery she was truly and finally afraid he might discover.“7 7 Ibid., p. 355

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