Agricultural Innovation Through Remote Sensing, GIS, and GPS Technologies

1. Lecture 27: Remote Sensing, GIS, GPS, Information Utility (AIU); disruptive technologies-Analysis Centurion University of Technology and Management, Odisha, India

2. Remote Sensing Remote sensing is the collection of data about an object or area from a distance, without coming into physical contact with it. In agriculture, remote sensing is used to collect data about crops, soil, and other agricultural resources. This data can be used to improve crop management, increase yields, and reduce costs. •Optical imagery: This type of imagery uses visible light to capture images of the Earth's surface. Optical imagery can be used to identify crop types, assess crop health, and monitor crop growth. •Infrared imagery: This type of imagery uses infrared light to capture images of the Earth's surface. Infrared imagery can be used to detect crop stress, identify waterlogged areas, and map soil moisture. •Radar imagery: This type of imagery uses radio waves to capture images of the Earth's surface. Radar imagery can be used to map crop yields, detect crop damage, and monitor soil erosion. Centurion University of Technology and Management, Odisha, India

3. Remote sensing data can be used to: •Identify crop types: This information can be used to apply the right fertilizers and pesticides to each crop type. •Assess crop health: This information can be used to identify areas of the crop that are stressed or diseased. •Monitor crop growth: This information can be used to determine when to irrigate or harvest the crop. •Map soil moisture: This information can be used to determine where to irrigate and prevent waterlogging. •Detect crop damage: This information can be used to identify areas of the crop that have been damaged by pests, diseases, or weather events. Centurion University of Technology and Management, Odisha, India

4. Information Utility  An information utility (IU) in agriculture is a central repository of data and information that can be used by farmers, agricultural professionals, and other stakeholders to make better decisions about crop management, livestock production, and other agricultural activities.  IUs typically collect data from a variety of sources, including remote sensing data, weather data, soil data, and market data. They then organize and analyze this data to provide insights that can be used to improve agricultural productivity.  For example, an IU might provide information on the best time to plant a crop, the amount of fertilizer to apply, or the likelihood of a pest infestation. This information can help farmers make better decisions about their crops, which can lead to increased yields and profits.  IUs can also be used to track the movement of agricultural products through the supply chain. This information can be used to identify inefficiencies in the supply chain and to improve the delivery of agricultural products to consumers. Centurion University of Technology and Management, Odisha, India

5. What GIS means? A Geographic Information System (GIS) is a computer system that analyzes and displays geographically referenced information. GIS has the capability to analyze soil data and determine which crops should be planted where and how to maintain soil nutrition so that the plants are best benefitted. What is GPS means ? GPS, or Global Positioning System, is a technology that uses a network of satellites and ground-based receivers to determine the location, speed, and direction of an object on the Earth's surface Centurion University of Technology and Management, Odisha, India

6. Crop mapping  Identifying the most suitable areas for growing specific crops  Analyzing the impact of environmental factors on crop productivity  Monitoring changes in crop patterns over time and identifying trends  Planning and managing irrigation and other resource needs for crops Application of GIS & GPS in Agriculture  Crop health analysis  Precision Agriculture  Farm mapping and agricultural land characteristics  Agro-climatic classification  Crop Yield Estimation  Management of water resources  Identification of pest attacks & distances  Site suitability analysis for agriculture Centurion University of Technology and Management, Odisha, India

7. Soil analysis  Determining the type of soil  What plants to grow in it  How to maintain the nutrients present in the soil to the benefits of the plants. Nutrient determination  GIS can be used for nutrient determination is by analyzing satellite imagery  Predicting the potential impacts of different nutrient  Identify areas that may be at risk of nutrient deficiency or excess  Study the different statuses of nutrients in a field to enable farmers to reach a specific requirement Centurion University of Technology and Management, Odisha, India

8. Disruptive Technologies Disruptive technologies are those that have the potential to significantly change the way we do things. In agriculture, there are a number of disruptive technologies that are currently being developed or are already being used. •Precision agriculture: Precision agriculture is a farming approach that uses data and technology to manage crops more precisely. This can lead to increased yields, reduced inputs, and improved sustainability. •Robotics: Robotics is being used in agriculture for a variety of tasks, including planting, harvesting, and milking. Robots can be more precise and efficient than humans, and they can work 24/7. •Artificial intelligence (AI): AI is being used in agriculture for a variety of tasks, including pest control, crop forecasting, and yield prediction. AI can help farmers to make better decisions and to improve the efficiency of their operations. •Internet of Things (IoT): The IoT is connecting agricultural devices, such as sensors, drones, and robots, to the internet. This allows farmers to collect and analyze data in real time, which can help them to make better decisions. •Gene editing: Gene editing is a technology that allows scientists to change the DNA of plants and animals. This could be used to create crops that are more resistant to pests and diseases, or that have higher yields. Centurion University of Technology and Management, Odisha, India