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Water Sources

Water Sources. Classification. Clogging Factors. Inorganic Suspended Matter. Soil Classification by Particle Size. Biological Growth. Phytoplankton (Algae and Bacteria). Organic matter in Water. Bacteria Algae Phytoplankton Zooplankton. Bacteria. Aerobic + Anaerobic Sludge formation.

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Water Sources

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  1. Water Sources Classification

  2. Clogging Factors Inorganic Suspended Matter

  3. Soil Classification by Particle Size

  4. Biological Growth • Phytoplankton (Algae and Bacteria)

  5. Organic matter in Water • Bacteria • Algae • Phytoplankton • Zooplankton

  6. Bacteria • Aerobic + Anaerobic • Sludge formation Courtesy of Nu3

  7. Algae • There is a cyclic seasonal pattern in the development of algae. In winter, when there is little light and low temperatures, the growth of algae is minimal. In spring when temperatures rise and there is an increase in radiation as well as in the availability of nutrients, Blossoming occurs.

  8. Algae that Cause Clogging of Filters

  9. Algae • Water source (River, lake) • Water tanks (Settling pool, Reservoirs) • On dripline surface.

  10. Plankton • Zooplankton • Phytoplankton

  11. Zooplankton • The size of zooplankton varies within the range of 0.2-30 mm.

  12. Types of Minerals • Carbonates • Iron • Fertilizers • Silt

  13. Bacterial slime can be classified into three groups

  14. Chemical Sediments

  15. Chemical Sediments

  16. Others

  17. Immediate Indication

  18. Carbonate Scaling

  19. Water + Carbon dioxide + Calcium carbonate c Calcium Hydrogen carbonate H2O + CO2 + CaCO3[ Ca(HCO3)2(aq) חימום

  20. Temperature & Scaling Scale begin

  21. Warming of Driplines 45 Cº 28 Cº 20 Cº 16 Cº

  22. Water temperature: control • White tubing • Subsurface installation • Shading

  23. Fertilizers • Wrong mixtures • Phosphorous – Calcium • Sulfate – Calcium • Phosphorous – Iron • High pH • Dirt

  24. Dissolution ( gr/L ) of some fertilizers Dissolution ( gr/L ) of some fertilizers

  25. Interactions Soluble Ion Soluble Ion CaNo3 H3PO4 Insoluble Sediment D.C.P

  26. Wrong mixtures: Examples • Calcium – Phosphorous • Calcium – Sulfate • Magnesium + “ • Wrong dilution of P acid in hard water.

  27. Fertilizers Ca Nitrate + MAP

  28. Iron Symptoms

  29. Iron Sedimentation • Accumulation on surface

  30. Water Quality Testing • It can generally be stated that clogging problems due to the occurrence of impurities in irrigation water become more acute if the water has a high content of: • Suspended particles of organic or inorganic matter. • Precipitate-forming elements. • Bacteria that secrete slime.

  31. Hardness

  32. Turbidity • The turbidity of a water sample is a measure of the ability of its suspended and colloidal materials to diminish the penetration of light through the sample. • Turbidity is measured by means of a turbidimeter

  33. Water Analysis

  34. Particle-size Distribution - This test is performed by counting the particles and establishing their size distribution. Hydrogen Sulfide (H2S) - Water from deep wells may require H2S determination. Portable test-kits are available for rapid field testing.

  35. Iron and Manganese

  36. Microbial Population

  37. Water Quality Criteria A water classification system for indicating clogging hazard in trickle systems (Bucks and Nakayama - 1980)

  38. Classification of Drip Irrigation Water Quality

  39. Natural Water Quality Classification

  40. Evaluation of Carbonate Sedimentation

  41. Evaluation of Carbonate Sedimentation

  42. Chlorination Chlorination is based on the injection of various chlorine compounds into the irrigation water.

  43. Chlorination - Functions • It creates an environment in which algae can no longer develop. • It acts as an oxidizing agent, causing the decomposition of organic matter. • It prevents the agglomeration and sedimentation of organic suspended matter. • Its oxidizes substances such as iron and manganese, producing insoluble compounds that can then be removed. • Eliminating sulfur bacteria.

  44. Reactions of Chlorine with Water • Hydrolysis: H20+CL2 = HOCL + H++ CL- • Ionization: HOCL = H++ OCL- • Effective chlorination is influenced by the following factors: • Available chlorine (concentration and type). • pH • Contact time • Temperature

  45. Distribution of HOCL and OCL- in Water at indicated pH levels

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