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Mastering Networking Basics: Protocols, Topologies, and Types

Gain knowledge on networking fundamentals, including protocols, LAN topologies, and network types, to enhance communication and resource sharing among computers. Learn about the uses, advantages, and disadvantages of networks along with key components such as server data, voice over IP, and LAN protocols. Explore various network structures like peer-to-peer and client/server, as well as wired vs. wireless LAN setups. Get insights into LAN topologies like bus, star, and ring, understanding their advantages and disadvantages. Discover common LAN protocols such as Ethernet and Wi-Fi, along with essential network hardware components like network interface cards and hubs.

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Mastering Networking Basics: Protocols, Topologies, and Types

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  1. Chapter 6: Networks Communicating and Sharing Resources

  2. Chapter objectives: • Understand basic networking. • Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of networks. • Distinguish between Peer-to-Peer & client/server LAN. • Define topology and understand how 3 LAN topologies differ. • Explain the importance of protocols. • Most widely used protocol & it’s versions. • Identify the special components of wide area network (WAN) that differentiate from LAN.

  3. Network Definition • Set of technologies that connects computers • Allows communication and collaboration between users

  4. The Uses of a Network • Simultaneous access to data • Data files are shared • Shared files stored on a server • Software can be shared • Shared peripheral device • Printers and faxes are common shares • Reduces the cost per user • Devices can be connected to the network

  5. Sharing Data File server contains documents used by other computers.

  6. The Uses of a Network • Personal communication • Email • Conferencing • Voice over IP • Phone communication over network wires • Easier data backup • Backup copies data to removable media • Server data backed up in one step

  7. Voice Over IP

  8. Advantages and Disadvantages of Networking: • Advantages: • Reduce hardware coasts. • Application sharing. • Sharing information resources. • Centralized data management. • Connecting people. • Disadvantages: • Loss of autonomy. • Lack of privacy. • Security Threats. • Loss of productivity.

  9. Common Network Types • Local Area Network (LAN) • Contains printers, servers and computers • Systems are close to each other • Contained in one office or building • Organizations often have several LANS

  10. Common Network Types • Wide Area Networks (WAN) • Two or more LANs connected • Over a large geographic area • Typically use public or leased lines • Phone lines • Satellite • The Internet is a WAN

  11. Hybrid Network Types • Home Area Network (HAN) • Small scale network • Connects computers and entertainment appliances • Found mainly in the home

  12. Hybrid Network Types • Personal Area Network (PAN) • Very small scale network • Range is less than 2 meters • Cell phones, PDAs, MP3 players

  13. Types Of (LAN)Structure

  14. Wired VS Wireless LAN • Wired LAN : • Wire Based • Twisted-pair cabling • Coaxial cable • Fiber-optic cable • Wireless LAN. • radio waves • encryption software

  15. Peer-to-Peer Network(P2P): • Tend to slow down as the number of users increase. • Keeping track of all the shared folders & files can be confusing. • Security not strong because the lack of hierarchy. • Nodes access resources on other nodes • Each node controls its own resources

  16. Client/Server network • Nodes and servers share data roles • Nodes are called clients • Servers are used to control access • Database software • Access to data controlled by server • Server is the most important computer Virtual Private Network (VPN) operates a a private network over the internet

  17. LAN Topologies • Network Topology: the physical layout of the LAN. • Bus Topology. • Star Topology. • Ring Topology.

  18. 1- Bus Topology • One wire or cable connects all nodes. • Terminator special connectors ends the circuit. • Advantages • Simple, reliable and easy to expand • Easy to setup • Small amount of wire • Disadvantages: • Only one node can transmit at a time. • Contention. • Slow & Easy to crash • Used at home or small office.

  19. 1- Bus Topology

  20. 2- Star Topology • Solves the expansion problems of the bus topology. • All nodes connect to a hub • Packets sent to hub • Hub sends packet to destination • Advantages • Easy to setup and add users. • One cable can not crash network • Disadvantages • Loss of hub crash down the entire network • Uses lots of cable • Most common topology used at office buildings, computer labs and WAN.

  21. 2- Star Topology

  22. 3- Ring Topology • Nodes connected in a circle. • Not in common used today. • Special unit of data called Token travels around the ring and is used to transmit data • Nodes can transmit only when it posses the token. • Advantages • Time to send data is known • No data collisions • Disadvantages • Slow • Lots of cable • Well suited for use within a division of a company or on one floor of a multi floor building.

  23. 3- Ring Topology

  24. LAN Protocols • Protocol: (Standard or Rules) fixed formalized exchanges that specify how two dissimilar network components can establish a communication. • 1. Ethernet: the most popular cabling technology in LAN. • 2. Wi-Fi: wireless LAN standard that offers Ethernet speeds through the use of radio waves instead of wires. LAN Technologies

  25. Network Hardware • Network interface cards • Network adapter • Connects node to the media • Unique Machine Access Code (MAC)

  26. Network Hardware • Hubs • Center of a star network • All nodes receive transmitted packets • Slow and insecure

  27. Network Hardware • Switches • Replacement for hubs • Only intended node receives transmission • Fast and secure

  28. Network Hardware • Bridge • Connects two or more LANs together • Packets sent to remote LAN cross • Other packets do not cross • Segments the network on MAC addresses

  29. Network Hardware • Router • Connects two or more LANs together • Packets sent to remote LAN cross • Network is segmented by IP address • Connect internal networks to the Internet • Need configured before installation

  30. Network Hardware • Gateway • Connects two dissimilar networks • Connects coax to twisted pair • Most gateways contained in other devices

  31. Wide Area Networks • The special components of WANs that differentiate them from LANs: • A point of presence POP • backbones

  32. WAN PROTOCOLS • TCP/IP are open protocols that define how the Internet works. • IP is the most fundamental of all internet protocol • Circuit and packet switching

  33. WAN APPLCATION • LAN-TO-LAN Connections • Transaction Acquisition

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