Martin Hughes Mind, Brain, Community : Inspiring Learners, Strengthening Resistance 16/1/2013

1. A Community of Young Researchers : How Understanding Young People’s Viewpoints might help us to Inspire Learning Martin Hughes Mind, Brain, Community : Inspiring Learners, Strengthening Resistance 16/1/2013 (Educational Psychologist Sheffield City Council, Professional Course co-director DEdCPsy Sheffield University)

2. Outline • Introduction-problematising ‘co-researchers’ and ‘young researchers, a good thing’ • Reflections -Contesting a one-size fits all solution (with different viewpoints of the position of the young researcher) -pockets of participation in research -some implications for learning

3. Why involve young people in research? Pedagogical benefits (children learn from the experience) Political potential (opportunity to change social policy and exercise rights) Epistemological (improved understanding and better research) Children as consumers (better services result) Protectionist (respectful dialogue promotes child protection) Davis (2009)

4. Prout cautions that…. ‘children’s participation is a subject high in rhetoric but sometimes low in practical application’ (Prout, 2002) Is ‘the voice of the child a good thing’? (Fleming, 2010; Lundy, 2007; Lewis, 2010) Doing research-what do young people think?

5. ‘when we ask children to participate as “researchers” rather than as the objects of classroom investigations, what is the character of this social identity we ask children to take on?’ Warren (2000):

6. What is the role or position of the young person who works together with an adult on a research project? How do young people and adults view the experience of working together on research projects?

7. Overview of Q methodology • Q methodology was originated (in 1935) and developed by William Stephenson • It is a method designed to capture the subjective or ‘first-person’ viewpoints of a single participant or, more usually, a group of participants • The basic method involves three stages: (1) the gathering of participant data in the form of Q sorts; (2) the inter-correlation and factor analysis of those Q sorts; (3) the interpretation of the emergent factors. • The factors represent the main viewpoints held-in-common within the group

9. Step Four: Q Sorting Completed Q sort. Items 27 and 42 have been given rankings of +5-the participant most agrees with these, in contrast to items 6 and 46, items that they most disagree with

10. Q as an ethically sound methodology • does not treat children and young people as subjects • attempts to find voices at the margins • attempts to hear a range of voices • avoids imposing the (adult) researcher’s view of the world on the people being researched • respects participants’ viewpoints

11. Q Study 1 : Benefits ‘students saw the advantages of becoming involved in terms of novelty (assuming it would be fun or interesting and an opportunity which might provide a different kind of experience); helpfulness (regarding coursework, adding to a CV and broadening interests) and skill development (social and interpersonal and research methods)’. Hughes, 2012

13. ‘Disadvantages were in terms of the time and effort it might take, the stress that it might cause and difficulties related to travel and making arrangements’. Hughes, 2012

14. Results for Q study1, benefits to young people working as young researchers Five viewpoints were interpreted from Q study 1 : ‘Getting on with and understanding other people’ ‘Wanting to get out of my shell a bit more’ ‘I wanna be a (young) researcher’ ‘Young researcher’ with a local community focus and The ‘social’ researcher (using social and research skills)

15. Young People as Young Researchers-developing the Q-set Developed statements about the experience of being a young researcher (219) Included statements from young researchers Chose representative statements for a Q-set (59)

16. Shaping the Q-set -Some similarities with Questionnaire technique (Oppenheim, 1992) -Saturation -a sampling task -rigorous process, takes time to get right (focus groups, piloting, academic literature, literary and popular texts, Interviews, Informal discussion)

17. Firming up the research question (sentence stem: In my experience, when working together with an adult on a research project, young people…

18. ‘Young people are typically positioned as both dependent, vulnerable receivers of care and education, and sometimes ‘agentic’ subjects with distinct voices’. (Komulainen, 2007)

19. `the biggest ethical challenge for researchers working with children is the disparities in power and status between adults and children' (Morrow & Richards,1996)

20. Statements relating to Power/control : In my experience, when working together with an adult on a research project, young people… …experienced frustration over the limits which were placed on them by the adults …found that adults were willing to adopt a learner role …found that it was clear that the adults felt that they knew best

21. Statements relating to responsibility/decision-making : In my experience, when working together with an adult on a research project, young people… …took responsibility for sorting out the ethical issues in the research …were much more than just assistants to the adults …made some really important decisions

22. Statements relating to outcomes : In my experience, when working together with an adult on a research project, young people… …experienced a different way of adults and young people learning together …have helped to produce better outcomes than work produced by adults alone …were able to learn how more experienced people work

23. YP Participants-ages

24. YP Participants-experience

25. Results for Q study 2, the experience of young people working as young researchers Five viewpoints were interpreted from Q study 2 : ‘Powerful team players-responsible, trusted, team members, keen to have and develop greater power’ ‘Happy assistants-happy to assist adults in their work’ ‘Was it worth it? Worked hard, took the flak, gave the research status, doubted the outcome’ ‘Easy life! Bit of power, not much responsibility, a bit of a laugh’ ‘Equal partners-experts who gained a sense of power-sharing with adults’

26. YPF3 and YPF4 are related to each other (but different to YP1, 2 and 5) in that they both share a sense of distance from adults

28. ‘Was it worth it? Worked hard, took the flak, gave the research status, doubted the outcome’. (YPF3) Young people did a lot of work on the project, had a say on what action was to follow from research but did not feel that end product was as good as research done by adults only and did not see a final report. Agree that they offered insights that adults might have misinterpreted or not seen, but were not regarded as experts, not better than adults at getting responses from other young people or helping adult researchers learn and understand about children’s experiences. Did not enjoy their (more tokenistic) involvement as much as young people with other viewpoints as in addition to the work and hassle that they dealt with, they felt less included, under pressure to complete, did not understand what was going on or get on particularly well with the adults. Weren’t bothered about having equal power with adults in the research, their experience was not of a different way of adults and young people learning together and they did not find that power-sharing (or democracy) between adults and young people in research was possible.

29. Easy life! Bit of power, not much responsibility, a bit of a laugh’ (YPF4) Young people came up with the idea for the research and had some power without too much responsibility. They had limited opportunities to express their views about the research and were little more than assistants, compared with other viewpoints, less trusted, less respected and needing adult support. Limitations were made clear to them by the adults who were unwilling to adopt a learner role and knew best. Although this was frustrating the young people saw a final report that was just as publishable as work done by adults only and although they did not influence how the research was used, it did lead to something changing.

30. ‘Powerful team players-responsible, trusted, team members, keen to have and develop greater power’ (YPF1) Young people came up with the research idea. They were better at getting responses from other young people but were not sure that they knew enough to be researchers. They had little influence over how research was used and did not see that it led to things changing. They were regarded as equal team members, valued for offering new ideas and listened to when they did so. Young people had responsibility and did not need adults to keep them going. They were keen to have power.

31. ‘Happy assistants-happy to assist adults in their work’ (YPF2) Young people were not initially drawn to the research for the opportunity to work on issues important to them or their community and had very limited influence and decision- making. More than the other viewpoints, they had a narrowly defined area of responsibility that the adults were clear about, almost in the role of assistants to the adults who needed to support their continued participation in the project. They did not experience frustration about this position and felt included. The results that they contributed to were taken seriously and they saw a final report.

32. ‘Equal partners-experts who gained a sense of power-sharing with adults’ (YPF5) Young people had limited decision-making opportunities. They were regarded as experts and did not feel that their involvement was tokenistic, where adults knew best. They were much more than assistants to the adults and at times, it seems that adults had an assistant role. Their contribution led to research that was just as good and publishable as that produced by adults working alone, although they were not involved with feeding results back at the dissemination stage. The project gave them a sense that power-sharing between adults and young people was possible and they experienced a different way of learning with adults.

33. Some reflections ‘co-researchers’ - supplanted by the term young researchers which avoids some of the assumptions related to power and equality.

34. Not a ‘one-size-fits-all solution: 5 Young people viewpoints 3 adult viewpoints Situation more complex than being able to conclude that young researchers are a ‘good thing’

35. First person As a practitioner, this work has developed my approach to nurturing the child’s voice, developing a first-person interpretation which ‘gets’ them, imagining what it might be like to be them.

36. Why involve young people in research? Pedagogical benefits (children learn from the experience) Political potential (opportunity to change social policy and exercise rights) Epistemological (improved understanding and better research) Children as consumers (better services result) Protectionist (respectful dialogue promotes child protection) Davis (2009)

37. Political potential?AdF3 has a focus on voice, empowerment, a process that leads to these as outcomes

38. AdF3 shares some similarity to YPF1 and YPF5 regarding more power:

39. Epistemological? AdF1 and AdF2 share some similarities with regards to less of a focus on outcomes, but better research

40. AdF1 and AdF2 share some similarities with YPF2 (YP as assistants, less focus on empowerment)

41. Whether or not the YP viewed that they contributed to better research is hard to determine, as in this respect, the viewpoints are ‘mixed’…(It is not clear from this research whether or not adults who work with YP can enable YP to feel empowered as well as produce better research with the YP than adults working alone). • However, adults in this study seem to regard working with young researchers as involving empowerment or research-not both

42. To understand better what is required for YP to feel as though they are empowered we can look at items that set YPF1 and YPF5 apart from YPF2:

43. For adults to work with YP and produce better research, by consulting YPF2, these items might be important :

44. When YP are closer to the role of assistant, this does not appear to be a ‘negative’ experience for them

45. …suggesting that ‘pockets of participation’ can be a useful concept:

46. Frank’s ‘pockets of participation’ Envisaging young people’s participation in research as a continuum may well incur criticism similar to that levelled at Hart so that working at the top levels is assumed to be ‘better’. One way of countering this would be to examine the nature of the research activity, discuss with young people an appropriate role so that there is participative ownership of facets of the project ‘so that participants become stakeholders in the research rather than owners of it in total’ (Franks, 2011). This echoes comments by Davis who writes that a single perfect way of involving children in research does not exist and rather than regarding participation as a ‘moral imperative’ … ‘it might be more helpful to see it as an approach that can be applied to research in many different ways, depending on the context’ (Davis, 2009). Kirby (2004) also suggests that it is the situation that determines whether young people are involved all the way through or for a few stages only.

47. Research is like finding out is like learning Jan (adult): ‘young people often say to us… ‘if school had been like this I might have left with some qualifications’. James and James, (2004)-young people describe their ideal school as ‘respectful’ and also discuss the importance of others listening to what they say.

48. Prilleltensky reports that emotional and physical wellness is enhanced by social support and social relationships and that good processes build ‘trust, respect, control, and empowerment’ (2011) Mannion argues for an approach that is ‘not about listening to pupils but about reconfiguring the relations between adults and children’ (Mannion, 2010).

49. What conclusions might we draw on learning?

50. Should teachers take heed?