Data collection

1. Data collection

2. Data analysis in the research process Values, world view Value claims Research question Epistemology Knowledge claims Research review Discussion Interpretations explanations Theories Concepts Results External validity Episte- mological lens Method Findings Data analysis Research design Constructs, variables Records Internal validity Observedevents and objects Investi- gative lens Data collection

3. Data collection Modality • Interviews • Focus groups • Observations • Meetings • Training Tools • Tape recording • Transcribing • Interview reports • Interview guide • Diary • Field notes • Taking pictutures • Documenting • Remembering • Illustrating

4. Interview design • Planning • Recruit according to what you want to find out • Stakeholders • Snowballing • Interview guide • You get answers as you ask them • Open and closed questions • Probing

5. Conducting interviews The venue is important

7. Documenting interviews

8. Sharing and validation • Can fieldnotes be shared? • Context is needed • Sharing in a team • Fieldnotes versus empirical descriptions • Context, structure and interpretation • Validation of data produced by participant observation? • Rich descriptions • Be clear about the context(s) of data production • Be clear about your role and be present in the text

9. Registrers

11. Activity plan

12. ANM diary

13. Mother & Child registrers

14. Engaged discussion

15. Training

16. The saw their own data

20. Letter on terms and conditions for the distributed SIM’s Note that in this letter ANM is provided with150 rupees per month in contrary to what is communicated to the ANMs today(100 rupees).

21. Participant observation • Balancing distance and closeness • Participating and observing • Paying attention to what is taken for granted • The time aspect • Interaction data • How people interact gives information about social structures and values • Enable us to study what cannot be articulated by the informants • What people say vs. what they do • A gap between what people say and do often points to something important

22. The role of the researcher • Producing data together with the informants • Mutual influence • The researcher’s status and personality influence • gender, civil status, class, conduct • Dressing • Which role to take? • Ethics • Learning from your mistakes • Use informants to discuss interpretations • Participant observation in one’s own culture • How much is shared? • Active distancing – try to see things with fresh eyes

23. Writing fieldnotes Scratch notes Field notes Notes ”after action” Write ”everything” – you never know what may turn out important Remember the context Remember yourself Include reflections and interpretations, but keep them separate from the observations • Notes taken ”in action” • Taking a break to take notes • Pen and paper • Recorder/mobile • Cool quickly!

24. References • Ellen, R.F. 1984: Ch.8: Producing Data” in Ellen, R.F. Ethnographic Research. Academia Press • Hume, L. and Mulcock, J. 2004: Anthropologists in the field. Cases in Participant Observation. Columbia University Press • Narayan, K. 1993: ”How Native is a Native Anthropologist?” in American Anthropologist: Journal of the American Anthropological Association, nr. 5 1993 • Sanjek, R. 1990: ”A vocabulary for Fieldnotes” in Sanjek, R. (ed): Fieldnotes. The Makings of Anthropology. Cornell University Press • Spradley, J. P. 1980: Participant observation. Harcourt Brace Jovanovich College Publishers

25. Explorative interview tools Photo interviews Modelling, drawing