SC.912.L.16.3

1. SC.912.L.16.3 Describe the basic process of DNA replication & how it relates to the transmission & conservation of the genetic information

2. SC.912.L.16.3 Also assesses SC.912.L.16.4, SC.912.L.16.5, SC.912.L.16.9. Content limits: Items requiring the analysis of base pairs for gene mutations are limited to changes in a single gene. Items may refer to but will not assess the cell cycle, mitosis, and/or meiosis. Items will not require memorization of specific conditions resulting from chromosomal mutations. Items may refer to the process of meiosis in the context of mutations but will not assess meiosis in isolation.

3. What preserves the genetic code from one generation to the next? A. protein synthesis B. enzyme activation C. RNA translation D. DNA Replication

4. What preserves the genetic code from one generation to the next? A. protein synthesis B. enzyme activation C. RNA translation D. DNA Replication

5. As a result of base pairing in DNA, there is the same number of which two bases? • Guanine and thymine • Adenine and guanine • Guanine and cytosine • Adenine and cytosine

6. As a result of base pairing in DNA, there is the same number of which two bases? • Guanine and thymine • Adenine and guanine • Guanine and cytosine • Adenine and cytosine

7. Which of the following would be produced if a messenger RNA strand is coded from the DNA sequence CCCGGAATT? A. CCCGGAAUU B. GGGCCTTAA C. AAATTCCGG D. GGGCCUUAA

8. Which of the following would be produced if a messenger RNA strand is coded from the DNA sequence CCCGGAATT? A. CCCGGAAUU B. GGGCCTTAA C. AAATTCCGG D. GGGCCUUAA

9. A scientist is studying the results of a DNA gel electrophoresis from 4 different species. What kind of information can the scientist determine from this test?A. how closely related the species areB. which species are carnivoresC. how the different species liveD. what is the common ancestor for the species

10. A scientist is studying the results of a DNA gel electrophoresis from 4 different species. What kind of information can the scientist determine from this test?A. how closely related the species areB. which species are carnivoresC. how the different species liveD. what is the common ancestor for the species

11. Which choice describes DNA after replication has taken place? A. one molecule with two original strands and one molecule with two new strands B. two molecules, each with one original and one new strand C. two molecules, each with two new strands D. two molecules, each with two old strands

12. Which choice describes DNA after replication has taken place? A. one molecule with two original strands and one molecule with two new strands B. two molecules, each with one original and one new strand C. two molecules, each with two new strands D. two molecules, each with two old strands

13. At what point in the cell cycle does DNA replication occur and why? A. before a cell divides, to provide each of the two resulting cells with a complete set of DNA instructions B. before a cell divides, to ensure that the DNA will fit into the resulting cells C. during cell division, to ensure that the DNA will fit into the resulting cells D. after a cell divides, to provide each of the two resulting cells with a complete set of DNA instructions

14. At what point in the cell cycle does DNA replication occur and why? A. before a cell divides, to provide each of the two resulting cells with a complete set of DNA instructions B. before a cell divides, to ensure that the DNA will fit into the resulting cells C. during cell division, to ensure that the DNA will fit into the resulting cells D. after a cell divides, to provide each of the two resulting cells with a complete set of DNA instructions

15. The sequence of DNA below is part of a gene. How many amino acids are coded for by this segment? 5' ATCAGCGCTGGC 3' A. 4 B. 8 C. 12 D. 20

16. The sequence of DNA below is part of a gene. How many amino acids are coded for by this segment? 5' ATCAGCGCTGGC 3' A. 4 B. 8 C. 12 D. 20

17. Which of the following would most likely cause a mutation? A. the placement of ribosomes on the endoplasmic reticulum B. the insertion of a nucleotide into DNA C. the movement of transfer RNA out of the nucleus D. the release of messenger RNA from DNA

18. Which of the following would most likely cause a mutation? A. the placement of ribosomes on the endoplasmic reticulum B. the insertion of a nucleotide into DNA C. the movement of transfer RNA out of the nucleus D. the release of messenger RNA from DNA

19. Which of the following carries amino acids to the site of protein synthesis? A. mRNA B. rRNA C. tRNA D. nRNA

20. Which of the following carries amino acids to the site of protein synthesis? A. mRNA B. rRNA C. tRNA D. nRNA

21. SC.912.L.15.8SC.912.L.15.1SC.912.L.15.13 Describe the scientific explanations of the origin of life on Earth. Explain how the scientific theory of evolution is supported by the fossil record, comparative anatomy, comparative embryology, biogeography, molecular biology, & observed evolutionary change. Describe the conditions required for natural selection, including: overproduction of offspring, inherited variation, and the struggle to survive, which result in differential reproductive success.

22. SC.912.L.15.8 Content limits: Items may address conditions required for the origin of life on Earth but may not require specific knowledge of the age of Earth or its eras, periods or epochs. Items may assess how contribution of scientists such as Pasteur, Miller and Urey, etc. aided in the development of the scientific explanation of the origin of life but will not assess what each scientist contributed.

23. The early Earth had many active volcanoes, which contributed to the atmosphere. How did that early atmosphere differ from Earth’s atmosphere today? • The early atmosphere contained more oxygen, which was harmful to many organisms. • The early atmosphere contained far less oxygen but higher levels of other, toxic gases. • The early atmosphere contained more water vapor and not enough oxygen to support life. D. The early atmosphere contained far less carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, methane, and ammonia.

24. The early Earth had many active volcanoes, which contributed to the atmosphere. How did that early atmosphere differ from Earth’s atmosphere today? • The early atmosphere contained more oxygen, which was harmful to many organisms. • The early atmosphere contained far less oxygen but higher levels of other, toxic gases. • The early atmosphere contained more water vapor and not enough oxygen to support life. D. The early atmosphere contained far less carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, methane, and ammonia.

25. Earth’s atmosphere today is very different from its early atmosphere. Which of the following processes changed Earth’s early atmosphere, which would poison most organisms alive today, to its current form? • Release of water vapor and carbon dioxide by volcanoes • Formation of amino acids from simple nonliving molecules • Photosynthesis by cyanobacteria • Cellular respiration by eukaryotic cells

26. Earth’s atmosphere today is very different from its early atmosphere. Which of the following processes changed Earth’s early atmosphere, which would poison most organisms alive today, to its current form? • Release of water vapor and carbon dioxide by volcanoes • Formation of amino acids from simple nonliving molecules • Photosynthesis by cyanobacteria • Cellular respiration by eukaryotic cells

27. Scientists Miller and Urey performed experiments that showed how life could have formed in Earth’s early atmosphere. Which of the following did the Miller-Urey experiments produce? • Cells • DNA • Bacteria • Molecules

28. Scientists Miller and Urey performed experiments that showed how life could have formed in Earth’s early atmosphere. Which of the following did the Miller-Urey experiments produce? • Cells • DNA • Bacteria • Molecules

29. Where did most of the water that fills Earth’s oceans probably come from? • Volcanic eruptions • Photosynthesis by cyanobacteria • Photosynthesis by land plants • Meteorite impacts

30. Where did most of the water that fills Earth’s oceans probably come from? • Volcanic eruptions • Photosynthesis by cyanobacteria • Photosynthesis by land plants • Meteorite impacts

31. If a paleontologist finds fossils of many different species existing in the same area at approximately the same time, the paleontologist can conclude that the ecosystem in this area had a high degree of: • Climatic variation • Episodic speciation • Biological diversity • Geographic isolation

32. If a paleontologist finds fossils of many different species existing in the same area at approximately the same time, the paleontologist can conclude that the ecosystem in this area had a high degree of: • Climatic variation • Episodic speciation • Biological diversity • Geographic isolation

33. A population of termites initially consists of darkly colored and brightly colored members. After several generations, the termite population consists almost entirely of darkly colored members because the brightly colored termites are easier for a predatory species of insectivores to locate. This situation is an example of : A. The evolution of a new species B. Natural selection C. Artificial selection D. Adaptive radiation

34. A population of termites initially consists of darkly colored and brightly colored members. After several generations, the termite population consists almost entirely of darkly colored members because the brightly colored termites are easier for a predatory species of insectivores to locate. This situation is an example of : A. The evolution of a new species B. Natural selection C. Artificial selection D. Adaptive radiation

35. Scientists use the similarities and differences among species to determine how they are related. Which of the following is NOT used by scientists to determine relationships among species? • Analogous structures • Vestigial structures • Cellular structures • Homologous structures

36. Scientists use the similarities and differences among species to determine how they are related. Which of the following is NOT used by scientists to determine relationships among species? • Analogous structures • Vestigial structures • Cellular structures • Homologous structures

37. Many species of animals use hemoglobin to transport oxygen from their lungs to their cells, but they have some differences in their hemoglobin molecules. The hemoglobin molecule in humans is very similar to the hemoglobin in gorillas, and very different from the hemoglobin in mice. Which inference is best supported by these observations? • Gorillas are closely related to mice, but humans are not • Humans and gorillas are closely related to each other but not to mice • Large animals need a specific kind of hemoglobin to transport oxygen throughout their large bodies • Humans and gorillas have similar hemoglobin because they are adapted to eat similar foods

38. Many species of animals use hemoglobin to transport oxygen from their lungs to their cells, but they have some differences in their hemoglobin molecules. The hemoglobin molecule in humans is very similar to the hemoglobin in gorillas, and very different from the hemoglobin in mice. Which inference is best supported by these observations? • Gorillas are closely related to mice, but humans are not • Humans and gorillas are closely related to each other but not to mice • Large animals need a specific kind of hemoglobin to transport oxygen throughout their large bodies • Humans and gorillas have similar hemoglobin because they are adapted to eat similar foods

39. For centuries, dog breeders have chosen to breed particular dogs to pass on, or even enhance, desirable traits. This is an example of: • Speciation • Artificial selection • Natural selection • Sexual selection

40. For centuries, dog breeders have chosen to breed particular dogs to pass on, or even enhance, desirable traits. This is an example of: • Speciation • Artificial selection • Natural selection • Sexual selection

41. How is natural selection in the evolution of long necks in giraffes best explained? • Shorted-necked giraffes were killed by long-necked giraffes • Giraffe necks grew longer because of the bone structure of the animals. • Giraffes with longer necks survived because they were better suited to the environment • Long-necked giraffes mated only with other long-necked giraffes

42. How is natural selection in the evolution of long necks in giraffes best explained? • Shorted-necked giraffes were killed by long-necked giraffes • Giraffe necks grew longer because of the bone structure of the animals. • Giraffes with longer necks survived because they were better suited to the environment • Long-necked giraffes mated only with other long-necked giraffes

43. Of the following, which best illustrates natural selection? A. An organism with favorable genetic variations will tend to survive and breed successfully B. A population monopolizes all of the resources in its habitat, forcing other species to migrate C. A community whose members work together utilizes all existing resources and migratory routes D. The largest organisms in a species receive the only breeding opportunities

44. Of the following, which best illustrates natural selection? A. An organism with favorable genetic variations will tend to survive and breed successfully B. A population monopolizes all of the resources in its habitat, forcing other species to migrate C. A community whose members work together utilizes all existing resources and migratory routes D. The largest organisms in a species receive the only breeding opportunities

45. A small population of chimpanzees lives in a habitat that undergoes no changes for a long period of time. How will genetic drift probably affect this population? • It will accelerate the appearance of new traits • It will reduce genetic diversity • It will promote the survival of chimpanzees with beneficial traits • It will increase the number of alleles for specific traits

46. A small population of chimpanzees lives in a habitat that undergoes no changes for a long period of time. How will genetic drift probably affect this population? • It will accelerate the appearance of new traits • It will reduce genetic diversity • It will promote the survival of chimpanzees with beneficial traits • It will increase the number of alleles for specific traits

47. A species of finch has been studied on one of the geographically isolated Galapagos Islands for many years. Since the island is small, the lineage of every bird for several generations is known. This allows a family tree of each bird to be developed. Some family groups have survived and others have died out. The groups that survive probably have • Interbred with other species • Been attacked by more predators • Found new places on the island to live • Inherited some advantageous variations

48. A species of finch has been studied on one of the geographically isolated Galapagos Islands for many years. Since the island is small, the lineage of every bird for several generations is known. This allows a family tree of each bird to be developed. Some family groups have survived and others have died out. The groups that survive probably have • Interbred with other species • Been attacked by more predators • Found new places on the island to live • Inherited some advantageous variations

49. SC.912.L.16.10 Evaluate the impact of biotechnology on the individual, society and the environment, including medical and ethical issues.

50. SC.912.L.16.10 Content limits: Items may assess current issues but won’t require knowledge of specific biotechnologies or medical issues.