Mediation Ethics

1. Jerry Meyers, Senior Judge, CPM Teri Crowther, M.S., CPM Mediation Ethics www.bridge-mediation.com (2011)

2. Disclosures • Idaho Code § 9-809 Disclosure of conflicts of interest – Background • Model Standards of Conduct – Idaho State Bar standard IV. Competence • Idaho Mediation Standards of Practice for Idaho Mediators

3. What Ethics Really Mean Merriam-Webster defines ethics as “1. the discipline dealing with what is good and bad and with moral duty and obligation . 2a : a set of moral principles : a theory or system of moral values b: the principles of conduct governing an individual or a group <professional ethics> c : a guiding philosophy d : a consciousness of moral importance.”

4. An Ethical Approach is Not Always a Closed Approach Mediators have several ethical responsibilities, yet none preclude a mediator from being creative and thinking outside of the box.

5. What Mediation Isn’t • Mediation is a, presumptively, collaborative process in which disputants come together in the presence of a mediator in order to find a self-directed resolution. • Mediation is not, however, arbitration, litigation, and unless there is a licensed therapist in the room, it is not therapy. It is simply a facilitated discussion between parties where the mediator helps each party adhere to agreed-to rules of communication as well as records the agreement if one is produced. • Mediation is meant to be a more peaceful, civilized means to conflict resolution than litigation. We as mediators can only hope to set the example so children expected mediation to be the way to handle conflict.

6. Self-Determination

7. Rules? There are Rules?

8. Let’s Test! Nobody said anything about a test!

9. Rules and Ethics – What Defines Them?

10. Rules and Ethics – What are they? A: All mediators rely on a foundation of ethical principles and standards to guide decisions within their practices. B: This foundation includes laws enacted by the legislature, rules promulgated by administrative authorities, ethics adopted by professional associations, and personal ethics. Following these Rules insures fairness to all. They also provide the basis for jury instructions when you are accused of professional negligence. They either protect you or sink you depending upon your adherence in the mediation

11. Idaho Statutes

12. TITLE 9 EVIDENCE CHAPTER 8 UNIFORM MEDIATION ACT  9-801. Short title. This chapter may be cited as the "Uniform Mediation Act.“  9-802. Definitions. In this chapter: (1)  "Mediation" means a process in which a mediator facilitates communication and negotiation between parties to assist them in reaching a voluntary agreement regarding their dispute. (2)  "Mediation communication" means a statement, whether oral or in a record or verbal or nonverbal, that occurs during a mediation or is made for purposes of considering, conducting, participating in, initiating, continuing or reconvening a mediation or retaining a mediator. (3)  "Mediation party" means a person that participates in a mediation and whose agreement is necessary to resolve the dispute. (4)  "Mediator" means an individual who conducts a mediation. (5)  "Nonparty participant" means a person, other than a party or mediator, that participates in a mediation. (6)  "Person" means an individual, corporation, business trust, estate, trust, partnership, limited liability company, association, joint venture, government; governmental subdivision, agency, or instrumentality; public corporation; or any other legal or commercial entity. (7)  "Proceeding" means: (a)  A judicial, administrative, arbitral or other adjudicative process, including related prehearing and posthearing motions, conferences and discovery; or (b)  A legislative hearing or similar process. (8)  "Record" means information that is inscribed on a tangible medium or that is stored in an electronic or other medium and is retrievable in perceivable form. (9)  "Sign" means: (a)  To execute or adopt a tangible symbol with the present intent to authenticate a record; (b)  To attach or logically associate an electronic symbol, sound or process to or with a record with the present intent to authenticate a record; or (c)  To assent on a stenographic record with the present intent to authenticate a record.

13. 9-803. Scope. (1) Except as otherwise provided in subsection (2) or (3) of this section, this chapter applies to a mediation in which: (a)  The mediation parties are required to mediate by statute or court or administrative agency rule or referred to mediation by a court, administrative agency or arbitrator; 02 • (b)  The mediation parties and the mediator agree to mediate in a record that demonstrates an expectation that mediation communications will be privileged against disclosure; or • (c)  The mediation parties use as a mediator an individual who holds himself or herself out as a mediator or the mediation is provided by a person that holds itself out as providing mediation. • (2)  This chapter does not apply to a mediation: • (a)  Relating to the establishment, negotiation, administration or termination of a collective bargaining relationship; • (b)  Relating to a dispute that is pending under or is part of the processes established by a collective bargaining agreement, except that the chapter applies to a mediation arising out of a dispute that has been filed with an administrative agency or court; • (c)  Conducted by a judge who might make a ruling on the case; or • (d)  Conducted under the auspices of: • (i)   A primary or secondary school if all the parties are students, or • (ii)  A correctional institution for youth if all the parties are residents of that institution. • Confidential unless agreed/notified others(3)  If the parties agree in advance in a signed record, or a record of proceeding reflects agreement by the parties, that all or part of a mediation is not privileged, the privileges under sections 9-804 through 9-806, Idaho Code, do not apply to the mediation or part agreed upon. However, sections 9-804 through 9-806, Idaho Code, apply to a mediation communication made by a person that has not received actual notice of the agreement before the communication is made. • 9-804. Privilege against disclosure -- Admissibility -- Discovery. (1) Except as otherwise provided in section 9-806, Idaho Code, a mediation communication is privileged as provided in subsection (2) of this section and is not subject to discovery or admissible in evidence in a proceeding unless waived or precluded as provided by section 9-805, Idaho Code. (2)  In a proceeding, the following privileges apply: • (a)  A mediation party may refuse to disclose, and may prevent any other person from disclosing, a mediation communication. • (b)  A mediator may refuse to disclose a mediation communication, and may prevent any other person from disclosing a mediation communication of the mediator. • (c)  A nonparty participant may refuse to disclose, and may prevent any other person from disclosing, a mediation communication of the nonparty participant. • (3)  Evidence or information that is otherwise admissible or subject to discovery does not become inadmissible or protected from discovery solely by reason of its disclosure or use in a mediation.

14. 9-805. Waiver and preclusion of privilege. (1) A privilege under section 9-804, Idaho Code, may be waived in a record or orally during a proceeding if it is expressly waived by all parties to the mediation and: (a)  In the case of the privilege of a mediator, it is expressly waived by the mediator; and (b)  In the case of the privilege of a nonparty participant, it is expressly waived by the nonparty participant. (2)  A person that discloses or makes a representation about a mediation communication which prejudices another person in a proceeding is precluded from asserting a privilege under section 9-804, Idaho Code, but only to the extent necessary for the person prejudiced to respond to the representation or disclosure. (3)  A person that intentionally uses a mediation to plan, attempt to commit or commit a crime or to conceal an ongoing crime or ongoing criminal activity is precluded from asserting a privilege under section 9-804, Idaho Code.

15. 9-806. Exceptions to privilege. (1) There is no privilege under section 9-804, Idaho Code, for a mediation communication that is: (a)  In an agreement evidenced by a record signed by all parties to the agreement; (b)  Available to the public under sections 9-337 through 9-347, Idaho Code, or made during a session of a mediation which is open, or is required by law to be open, to the public; (c)  A threat or statement of a plan to inflict bodily injury or commit a crime of violence; (d)  Intentionally used to plan a crime, attempt to commit or commit a crime or to conceal an ongoing crime or ongoing criminal activity; (e)  Sought or offered to prove or disprove a claim or complaint of professional misconduct or malpractice filed against a mediator; (f)  Except as otherwise provided in subsection (3) of this section, sought or offered to prove or disprove a claim or complaint of professional misconduct or malpractice filed against a mediation party, nonparty participant or representative of a party based on conduct occurring during a mediation; or (g)  Sought or offered to prove or disprove abuse, neglect, abandonment or exploitation in a proceeding in which a child or adult protective services agency is a party, unless the public agency participates in the mediation.

16. 9-806.  Exceptions to privilege (cont’d) 2)  There is no privilege under section 9-804, Idaho Code, if a court, administrative agency or arbitrator finds, after a hearing in camera, that the party seeking discovery or the proponent of the evidence has shown that the evidence is not otherwise available, that there is a need for the evidence that substantially outweighs the interest in protecting confidentiality, and that the mediation communication is sought or offered in: (a)  A court proceeding involving a felony or misdemeanor; or (b)  Except as otherwise provided in subsection (3) of this section, a proceeding to prove a claim to rescind or reform or a defense to avoid liability on a contract arising out of the mediation. (3)  A mediator may not be compelled to provide evidence of a mediation communication referred to in subsection (1)(f) or (2)(b) of this section. (4)  If a mediation communication is not privileged under subsection (1) or (2) of this section, only the portion of the communication necessary for the application of the exception from nondisclosure may be admitted. Admission of evidence under subsection (1) or (2) of this section does not render the evidence, or any other mediation communication, discoverable or admissible for any other purpose.

17. 9-807. Prohibited mediator reports. (1) Except as otherwise provided in subsection (2) of this section, a mediator may not make a report, assessment, evaluation, recommendation, finding or other communication regarding a mediation to a court, administrative agency or other authority that may make a ruling on the dispute that is the subject of the mediation. (2)  A mediator may disclose: (a)  Whether the mediation occurred or has terminated, whether a settlement was reached, and attendance; (b)  A mediation communication as permitted under section 9-806, Idaho Code; (c)  A mediation communication evidencing abuse, neglect, abandonment or exploitation of an individual to a public agency responsible for protecting individuals against such mistreatment; or (d)  In mediation governed by Idaho rule of civil procedure 16(j), information permitted under Idaho rule of civil procedure 16(j). (3)  A communication made in violation of subsection (1) of this section may not be considered by a court, administrative agency or arbitrator. 9-808. Confidentiality. Unless subject to sections 9-337 through 9-347 or 67-2340 through 67-2347, Idaho Code, mediation communications are confidential to the extent agreed by the parties or provided by other law or rule of this state.

18. 9-809. Mediator's disclosure of conflicts of interest -- Background. (1) Before accepting a mediation, an individual who is requested to serve as a mediator shall: (a)  Make an inquiry that is reasonable under the circumstances to determine whether there are any known facts that a reasonable individual would consider likely to affect or create the appearance of affecting the impartiality of the mediator, including a financial or personal interest in the outcome of the mediation and an existing or past relationship with a mediation party or foreseeable participant in the mediation; and (b)  Disclose any such known fact to the mediation parties as soon as is practical before accepting a mediation. (2)  If a mediator learns any fact described in subsection (1)(a) of this section after accepting a mediation, the mediator shall disclose it as soon as is practicable. (3)  At the request of a mediation party, an individual who is requested to serve as a mediator shall disclose the mediator's qualifications to mediate a dispute. (4)  A person that violates subsection (1) or (2) of this section is precluded by the violation from asserting a privilege under section 9-804, Idaho Code. (5)  Subsections (1), (2) and (3) of this section do not apply to an individual acting as a judge. (6)  This chapter does not require that a mediator have a special qualification by background or profession. (7)  A mediator must be impartial unless, after disclosure of the facts required in subsections (1) and (2) of this section to be disclosed, the parties agree otherwise.

19. 9-810. Participation in mediation. Unless otherwise provided by court rule or order, an attorney or other individual designated by a party may accompany the party to and participate in a mediation. A waiver of participation given before the mediation may be rescinded.

21. IRCP 16(j) Rule 16(j). Mediation of child custody and visitation disputes. (1) Definition of "Mediation". Mediation under this rule is the process by which a neutral mediator appointed by the court or agreed to by the parties assists the parties in reaching a mutually acceptable agreement as to issues of child custody and visitation. The role of the mediator is to aid the parties in identifying the issues, reducing misunderstandings, clarifying priorities, exploring areas of compromise and finding points of agreement. An agreement reached by the parties is to be based on the decisions of the parties, and not the decisions of the mediator. (2) Matters Subject to Mediation. All domestic relations actions involving a controversy over custody or visitation of minor children at the pre-trial, trial and post-decree stages in the courts of this state shall be subject to mediation regarding issues of custody, visitation, or both. (3) Selection of Mediator. The court shall permit the parties to select a mediator from the list of registered mediators compiled by the Supreme Court and maintained by the Administrative Director of the Courts. If the parties are unable to select a mediator, the court shall appoint one. (4) Requirement to Attend Parent Education and Mediation Orientation. The district court of any judicial district may provide by local rule that all parties to any domestic relations case involving children, whether or not a trial or contested case has been scheduled, be required to attend such parent education and mediation orientation, unless excused by the court. (5) Authority of the Court. A court shall order mediation if, in the court's discretion, it finds that mediation is in the best interest of the children and it is not otherwise inappropriate under the facts of the particular case.

22. IRCP 16(j) (6) Qualifications of Mediator - Application and Documentation. (A) The Supreme Court will compile a list of registered mediators. Any applicant seeking to be placed on the Supreme Court Roster of registered mediators shall submit to the Administrative Director of the Courts, the following: (i) An Application for Registration, which includes an affidavit of compliance executed by the applicant attesting that the applicant has fulfilled the requirements to be placed on the Supreme Court list of registered mediators. (ii) A copy of the applicant's degree, license or certificate. (iii) Proof of completion of the required mediation training as provided in sections (6)(B) and (6)(C) of this rule. (B) Qualifications - Professional Credentials. To be placed on the list of registered mediators compiled by the Supreme Court, the applicant must have at least one of the following professional credentials: (i) The applicant is recognized by Idaho Mediation Association as a Certified Professional Mediator (CPM), or membership in the Association for Conflict Resolution at the advanced practitioner level or other national organizations with equivalent standards for membership. (ii) The applicant is a member of one of the following: the Idaho judiciary; licensed member of the Idaho State Bar Association; licensed psychologist; licensed professional counselor; licensed clinical professional counselor; licensed master social; licensed clinical or independent practice social worker; licensed marriage and family therapist; certified school counselor; or certified school psychologist. (iii) The applicant possesses a bachelors degree.

23. (C) Training. There are two independent training criteria for all applicants as set forth more fully below. An applicant must complete the substantive training set forth in subsections (i) and (ii) below. In addition, such training shall be approved and/or provided by an accredited college or university, the Idaho Mediation Association, Association for Conflict Resolution, Association of Family and Conciliation Courts, the Idaho State Bar, or the Idaho Supreme Court, Administrative Office of the Courts. (i) Applicants under subsections 6(B)(i) and (iii) must have completed a minimum of 60 hours mediation training within the past two years, 20 of which must be in the field of child custody mediation. Applicants under subsection 6(B)(ii) must have completed a minimum of 40 hours mediation training within the past two years, 20 of which must be in the field of child custody mediation. The training hours required under this section may not include any online training programs. (ii) At least 20 hours of the mediation training required for applicants under section 6(B)(ii), and at least 40 hours of the training requirements for applicants under sections 6(B)(i) and (iii), shall include the following topics, at least 30 percent of which must be in the practice of mediation skills: (a) Information gathering (intake; obtaining facts; screening issues); (b) Mediator relationship skills (neutrality; confidentiality; nonjudgmental); (c) Communication skills (active listening; reframing issues: clarifying); (d) Problem solving skills (identify problems, positions, needs, interests; brainstorm alternatives); (e) Conflict management skills (theories of conflict management; mediation models; reducing tensions; power imbalances); (f) Ethics (standards of practice; typical problems); (g) Professional skills (substantive knowledge areas; case management; drafting agreements). (iii) The 20 hours of child custody training required in section 6(C)(i) shall include the following topics: (a) Conflict resolution theory; (b) Psychological issues in separation, divorce, and family dynamics; (c) Domestic violence; (d) Issues and needs of children; (e) Child custody mediation processes and techniques; (f) Family law, including custody and support. (g) Mediation ethics - a minimum of two hours.

24. IRCP 16(j) (D) Continuing Education of Mediators. Beginning the next July 1 after a mediator has been placed on the Supreme Court list of registered mediators, the mediator must take at least thirty (30) hours of child custody training in one or more of the areas as set forth in Section (C)(iii) in each and every three (3) years period following the July 1 date. This training must include a minimum of two hours of mediation ethics training. The mediator must file proof of compliance with this requirement with the Administrative Office of the Courts by July 1 of the year the continuing education is due. Along with proof of compliance, a mediator under section 6(B)(ii) must also send proof of current licensing. Up to ten (10) of the thirty (30) required hours may be satisfied through approved participatory online CEU programs. (E) The administrative district judge in each judicial district may, by administrative order, require mediators to comply with additional criteria beyond those stated in subsections (6)(B) and (6)(C) of this rule. (F) Persons approved as child custody mediators prior to the effective date of the amendment to this rule shall not be required to satisfy the training requirements of parts (6)(B)(i), (6)(B)(ii) and (6)(B)(iii) of this rule, but shall be required to fulfill the additional continuing education requirements of part (6)(D) of this rule.

25. IRCP 16(j) (7) Duties of Mediator. (A) The mediator has a duty to define and describe for the parties the process of mediation and its cost during the initial conference before the mediation conference begins. The description should include the following: (i) The difference between mediation and other forms of conflict resolution, including therapy and counseling; (ii) The circumstances under which the mediator will meet alone with either of the parties or with any other person; (iii) Any confidentiality of the mediation proceedings and any privilege against disclosure; (iv) The duties and responsibilities of the mediator and of the parties; (v) The fact that any agreement reached will be reached by mutual consent of the parties; (vi) The mediator shall advise the participants to seek independent legal counsel prior to resolving the issues and in conjunction with formalizing an agreement; (vii) The information necessary for defining the disputed issues. (B) The mediator has a duty to be impartial, and to advise all parties of any circumstances bearing on possible bias, prejudice or impartiality. (i) The parties shall have the right to have counsel review any resulting agreement before its submission to the court. (ii) Any agreement submitted to the court shall be subject to court review and approval. The court shall reject such agreement only if it is not in the best interests of the child or children involved.

26. IRCP 16(j) (8) Communications Between Mediator and the Court. (A) The mediator and the court shall maintain no contact or communication except that the mediator may, without comment or observation, report to the court: (i) That the parties are at an impasse; (ii) That the parties have reached an agreement. In such case, however, the agreement so reached shall be reduced to writing, signed by the parties and submitted to the court by one or both of the parties, if pro se; otherwise, through their attorneys, for the court's approval. (iii) That one or both of the parties have failed to attend the mediation proceeding; (iv) That meaningful mediation is ongoing; (v) That the mediator withdraws from mediation; (vi) The allegation or suspicion of domestic violence. (9) Contact Between Mediator, Attorneys and Other Interested Persons. The mediator and the attorneys for the parties may communicate with one another in the following manner: (A) Any contacts between the attorneys and the mediator shall be either in writing or by conference call; (B) Attorneys are excluded from mediation conferences unless their presence is requested by the mediator or ordered by the court. Other interested persons may participate in the mediation upon consent of both parties. (10) Termination of Mediation - Status Report. The court or the mediator may terminate mediation proceedings if further progress toward a reasonable agreement is unlikely. The mediator shall notify the court when the mediation has been concluded. Notice of the status of the mediation process shall be submitted to the court within 28 days from the date of the initial order requiring mediation.

27. IRCP 16(k) Rule 16(k). Mediation of civil lawsuits. -- (1) Definition of Mediation. Mediation under I.R.C.P. 16(k) is the process by which a neutral mediator appointed by the Court or agreed to by the parties assists the parties in reaching a mutually acceptable agreement. The role of the mediator is to aid the parties in identifying the issues, reducing misunderstandings, clarifying priorities, exploring areas of compromise and finding points of agreement. An agreement reached by the parties is to be based on the decisions of the parties, and not the decisions of the mediator, (2) Matters Subject to Mediation. All civil cases other than child custody and visitation disputes are eligible for referral to mediation under this subsection. Child custody and visitation disputes shall be mediated pursuant to I.R.C.P. 16(j). (3) Authority of the Courts. The referral of a civil action to mediation does not divest the court of the authority to exercise management and control of the case during the pending mediation. (4) Referral to Mediation. In its discretion a court may order a case to mediation, as follows: (A) Upon motion by a party; (B) At any I.R.C.P. 16 conference; (C) Upon consideration of request for trial setting, pursuant to I.R.C.P. 40(b), if all parties indicate in their request or response that mediation would be beneficial; or (D) At any other time upon seven (7) days notice to the parties if the court determines mediation is appropriate. (5) Selection of the Mediator. The parties shall have twenty-eight (28) days from entry of the mediation order, or such other time as the court may allow, to select any person to act as mediator and report their selection to the court. If the parties do not select a mediator within twenty-eight (28) days, then the court shall appoint a mediator from the judicial district's list of mediators maintained pursuant to I.R.C.P. 16(k)(13)(A). (6) Scheduling of the Mediation Session(s). Unless the court otherwise orders, the initial mediation session shall take place within forty-two (42) days of the reporting of the selection or the appointment of the mediator.

28. IRCP 16(k) (7) Reports. Within seven (7) days following the last mediation session, the mediator or the parties shall advise the court, with a copy to the parties, whether the case has, in whole or in part, settled. (8) Compensation of Mediators. Mediators shall be compensated at their regular fees and expenses, which shall be clearly set forth in the information and materials provided to the parties. Unless other arrangements are made among the parties or ordered by the court, the interested parties shall be responsible for a prorata share of the mediator's fees and expenses. If a mediator is not paid, the court, upon motion of the mediator may order payment. (9) Impartiality. The mediator has a duty to be impartial, and has a continuing duty to advise all parties of any circumstances bearing on possible bias, prejudice or partiality. (10) Attendance at the Mediation Session(s). The attorney(s) who will be primarily responsible for handling the actual trial of the matter, and all parties, or insurers, if applicable, with authority to settle, shall attend the session(s), unless otherwise excused by the mediator upon a showing of good cause. (11) Confidentiality. The mediator shall abide by the confidentiality rules agreed to by the parties. Confidentiality protections of I.R.E. 408 and 507 shall extend to mediations under this Rule. (12) Sanctions. The mediator shall be subject to sanctions, including removal from the roster of mediators, if the mediator fails to assume the responsibilities provided herein.

29. IRCP 16(k) (13) Qualifications of Mediators. Each trial court administrator shall maintain a list of mediators who meet the qualifications of subsection A, and rosters from dispute resolution organizations that meet the criteria set forth in subsection B below. (A) Mediation Registration -- Qualifications of Court- Appointed Mediators (i) The Administrative Director of the Courts shall compile and distribute at least annually a list of mediators. For that purpose, the Administrative Director of the Courts shall gather from all applicants an application demonstrating that the applicant: (a) is a member of the Idaho State Bar; (b) has been admitted to practice law for not less than five (5) years; and (c) has attended a minimum of forty (40) hours of mediation training that complies with the standards set forth in I.R.C.P. 16(j)(6)(B)(iv). (ii) In order for a person to remain on the list of mediators maintained by the Administrative Director of the Court, the mediator must submit proof that the mediator has completed a minimum of twenty (20) hours of additional training or education during the preceding two (2) calendar years. The training required by this rule shall be acquired by completing a program approved by an accredited college or university or by one of the following organizations: Idaho State Bar Association, Idaho Mediation Association, or Society of Professionals in Dispute Resolutions. v

30. IRCP 16(k) (B) Mediation Registration -- Sponsors of Additional Rosters of Mediators (i) A public or private dispute resolution organization may make its roster of mediators available to the Administrative Director of the Courts for distribution to the trial court administrators if it documents that it has: (a) an established selection and evaluation process for neutrals; (b) a mechanism for addressing complaints brought against neutrals; and (c) a published code of ethics that the neutrals must follow. A compilation of the organization's selection, evaluation, published code of ethics, and complaint processes that can be distributed to the parties shall be provided. (C) A list and roster(s) of mediators distributed by the Administrative Director of the Courts, pursuant to subsections A and B, above, must contain the following information about each mediator: name, address, telephone and FAX number(s); professional affiliation(s); ( education; legal and/or mediation training and experience; and (e) fees and expenses. (Adopted June 12, 1996, effective July 1, 1996; amended March 31, 2006, effective July 1, 2006.)

31. ICR 18.1 Rule 18.1. Mediation in criminal cases. In any criminal proceeding, any party or the court may initiate a request for the parties to participate in mediation to resolve some or all of the issues presented in the case. Participation in mediation is voluntary and will take place only upon agreement of all parties. Decision making authority remains with the parties and not the mediator. (1) Definition of “Mediation”. Mediation under this rule is the process by which a neutral mediator assists the parties (defined as the prosecuting attorney on behalf of the State and the Defendant) in reaching a mutually acceptable agreement as to issues in the case, which may include sentencing options, restitution awards, admissibility of evidence and any other issues which will facilitate the resolution of the case. Unless otherwise ordered, mediation shall not stay any other proceeding. (2) Matters Subject to Mediation. All misdemeanor and felony cases shall be subject to mediation if the court deems that it may be beneficial in resolving the case entirely. Issues related, but not limited to, the possibility of reduced charges, agreements about sentencing recommendations or possible Rule 11 agreements, the handling of restitution and continuing relationship with any victim, are all matters which may be referred to mediation. (3) Selection of Mediator. The court shall select a mediator from those maintained on a roster provided by the Administrative Office of the Courts, after considering the recommendations of the parties. That roster will include senior or sitting judges or justices who have indicated a willingness to conduct criminal mediations and who have completed a minimum of twelve (12) hours of criminal mediation training within the previous two years before being placed on the roster. If the selected mediator is a senior judge or justice, the mediator will be compensated as with any senior judge service, and approval from the trial court administrator must be obtained by the court prior to the mediation.

32. ICR 18.1 (4) Role of the Mediator. The role of the mediator shall be limited to facilitating a voluntary settlement between parties in criminal cases. The role of the mediator is to aid the parties in identifying the issues, reducing misunderstandings, exploring options and discussing areas of agreement which can expedite the trial or resolution of the case. The mediator shall not preside over any aspect of the case, other than facilitation of a voluntary settlement according to this rule. The mediator shall not take a guilty plea from nor sentence any defendant in the case. (5) Persons to be Present at Mediation. Participants shall be determined by the attorneys and the mediator. (6) Confidentiality. This section should be read in conjunction with the provisions of I.R.E. 507. Mediation proceedings shall in all respects be privileged and not reported or recorded. No statement made by any participant at the mediation shall be admissible at trial of any defendant in the case or be considered for any purpose in the sentencing of any defendant in the case. No statement made by a defendant in the course of mediation shall be reported to the prosecuting attorney without the consent of the defendant. Any written statements submitted to the mediator by either party as a part of the mediation process shall remain confidential and shall not be disclosed by the mediator to anyone. Any confidential statements or notes taken by the mediator shall all be destroyed at the conclusion of the mediation. The mediator shall not discuss any matter that comes up within the mediation with anyone other than the parties and defense counsel and shall advise the assigned court only as to whether the mediation was successful and, if so, the agreed upon terms.

33. ICR 18.1 (7) Mediator Privilege. Consistent with I.R.E. 507, a mediator may not be compelled to provide evidence of a mediation communication under this rule. However, in Uniform Post-Convictions cases where a defendant is raising allegations about the conduct of the prosecutor or defense counsel involved in the mediation, the mediator may agree to waive the privilege. (8) Agreements Reached. Any agreement reached by the parties is subject to approval by the court and is not final until the court agrees to the terms. (9) Communications Between Mediator and the Court. The mediator may consult with the presiding judge about the terms of a possible plea agreement; otherwise, the mediator and the court shall have no contact or communication except that the mediator may, without comment or observation, report to the court: (a) that the parties are at an impasse; (b) that the parties have reached an agreement. In such case, however, the agreement so reached shall be reduced to writing, signed by the prosecuting attorney, the Defendant and defense counsel, and submitted to the court for approval; (c) that meaningful mediation is ongoing; (d) that the mediator withdraws from the mediation. (10) Communications Between Mediator and Attorneys. The mediator may communicate in advance of the mediation with the attorneys to become better acquainted with the current state of negotiations and the issues to be resolved in the mediation. This communication may be conducted separately with each of the attorneys and without the presence of the defendant. (11) Termination of Mediation. The court, the mediator, or any party may terminate the mediation at any time if further progress toward a reasonable agreement is unlikely or concerns or issues arise that make mediation no longer appropriate. (Adopted March 18, 2011, effective July 1, 2011.)

34. IRE 408 Rule 408. Compromise and offers to compromise. Evidence of (1) furnishing, offering, or promising to furnish, or (2) accepting, offering, or promising to accept, a valuable consideration in compromising or attempting to compromise a claim which was disputed as to either validity or amount, is not admissible to prove liability for, invalidity of, or amount of the claim or any other claim. Evidence of conduct or statements made in compromise negotiations is likewise not admissible. This rule does not require the exclusion of any evidence otherwise discoverable merely because it is presented in the course of compromise negotiations. This rule does not require exclusion if the evidence is offered for another purpose, such as proving bias or prejudice of a witness, negativing a contention of undue delay, or proving an effort to obstruct a criminal investigation or prosecution. Compromise negotiations encompass mediation. (Adopted January 8, 1985, effective July 1, 1985; amended March 23, 1990, effective July 1, 1990.)

35. Idaho State Bar Model Standards of Conduct • The spirit of the standards are the same as the American Bar Association” • Self determination • Impartiality • Conflict of interest/disclosure • Competence • Confidentiality • Quality of process • Advertising and solicitation • Fees and other charges • These standards will likely be the basis of the jury instructions if you are sued for professional negligence

36. The Model Standards of Conduct for Mediators 2005 The Model Standards of Conduct for Mediators were adopted by the Idaho State Bar as aspirational guidelines for mediators in all fields in the State of Idaho. It is understood that by making these standards aspirational violation of the standards in and of itself are not grounds for disciplinary action by the Idaho State Bar. However, if an act that is an alleged violation of these standards is also a violation of one of the Idaho Rules of Professional Conduct or of the Judicial Code, that act may be the basis for discipline under those latter standards. The Model Standards of Conduct for Mediators was prepared in 1994 by the American Arbitration Association, the American Bar Association’s Section of Dispute Resolution, and the Association for Conflict Resolution1. A joint committee consisting of representatives from the same successor organizations revised the Model Standards in 2005.2 Both the original 1994 version and the 2005 revision have been approved by each participating organization.3 Preamble Mediation is used to resolve a broad range of conflicts within a variety of settings. These Standards are designed to serveas fundamental ethical guidelines for persons mediating in all practice contexts. They serve three primary goals: to guide the conduct of mediators; to inform the mediating parties; and to promote public confidence in mediation as a process for resolving disputes. Mediation is a process in which an impartial third party facilitates communication and negotiation and promotes voluntary decision-making by the parties to the dispute. Mediation serves various purposes, including providing the opportunity for parties to define and clarify issues, understand different perspectives, identify interests, explore and assess possible solutions, and reach mutually satisfactory agreements, when desired. Note on Construction These Standards are to be read and construed in their entirety. There is no priority significance attached to the sequence in which the Standards appear. The use of the term “shall” in a Standard indicates that the mediator must follow the practice described. The use of the term “should” indicates that the practice described in the standard is highly desirable, but not required, and is to be departed from only for very strong reasons and requires careful use of judgment and discretion. The use of the term “mediator” is understood to be inclusive so that it applies to co-mediator models. These Standards do not include specific temporal parameters when referencing a mediation, and therefore, do not define the exact beginning or ending of a mediation. Various aspects of a mediation, including some matters covered by these Standards, may also be affected by applicable law, court rules, regulations, other applicable professional rules, mediation rules to which the parties have agreed and other agreements of the parties. These sources may create conflicts with, and may take precedence over, these Standards. However, a mediator should make every effort to comply with the spirit and intent of these Standards in resolving such conflicts. This effort should include honoring all remaining Standards not in conflict with these other sources. These Standards, unless and until adopted by a court or other regulatory authority do not have the force of law. Nonetheless, the fact that these Standards have been adopted by the respective sponsoring entities should alert mediators to the fact that the Standards might be viewed as establishing astandard of care for mediators. Again- These could be jury instructions in the event you get sued.

37. STANDARD I. SELF-DETERMINATION A. A mediator shall conduct a mediation based on the principle of party self-determination. Self-determination is the act of coming to a voluntary, uncoerced decision in which each party makes free and informed choices as to process and outcome. Parties may exercise self-determination at any stage of a mediation, including mediator selection, process design, participation in or withdrawal from the process, and outcomes. 1. Although party self-determination for process design is a fundamental principle of mediation practice, a mediator may need to balance such party self-determination with a mediator’s duty to conduct a quality process in accordance with these Standards. 2. A mediator cannot personally ensure that each party has made free and informed choices to reach particular decisions, but, where appropriate, a mediator should make the parties aware of the importance of consulting other professionals to help them make informed choices. B. A mediator shall not undermine party self-determination by any party for reasons such as higher settlement rates, egos, increased fees, or outside pressures from court personnel, program administrators, provider organizations, the media or others. STA NDARD II. IMPARTIALITY A. A mediator shall decline a mediation if the mediator cannot conduct it in an impartial manner. Impartiality means freedom from favoritism, bias or prejudice. B. A mediator shall conduct a mediation in an impartial manner and avoid conduct that gives the appearance of partiality. 1. A mediator should not act with partiality or prejudice based on any participant’s personal characteristics, background, values and beliefs, or performance at a mediation, or any other reason. 2. A mediator should neither give nor accept a gift, favor, loan or other item of value that raises a question as to the mediator’s actual or perceived impartiality. 3. A mediator may accept or give de minimis gifts or incidental items or services that are provided to facilitate a mediation or respect cultural norms so long as such practices do not raise questions as to a mediator’s actual or perceived impartiality. C. If at any time a mediator is unable to conduct a mediation in an impartial manner, the mediator shall withdraw. STA NDARD III. CONFLICTS OF INTEREST A. A mediator shall avoid a conflict of interest or the appearance of a conflict of interest during and after a mediation. A conflict of interest can arise from involvement by a mediator with the subject matter of the dispute or from any relationship between a mediator and any mediation participant, whether past or present, personal or professional, that reasonably raises a question of a mediator’s impartiality. B. A mediator shall make a reasonable inquiry to determine whether there are any facts that a reasonable individual would consider likely to create a potential or actual conflict of interest for a mediator. A mediator’s actions necessary to accomplish a reasonable inquiry into potential conflicts of interest may vary based on practice context. C. A mediator shall disclose, as soon as practicable, all actual and potential conflicts of interest that are reasonably known to the mediator and could reasonably be seen as raising a question about the mediator’s impartiality. After disclosure, if all parties agree, the mediator may proceed with the mediation. D. If a mediator learns any fact after accepting a mediation that raises a question with respect to that mediator’s service creating a potential or actual conflict of interest, the mediator shall disclose it as quickly as practicable. After disclosure, if all parties agree, the mediator may proceed with the mediation. E. If a mediator’s conflict of interest might reasonably be viewed as undermining the integrity of the mediation, a mediator shall withdraw from or decline to proceed with the mediation regardless of the expressed desire or agreement of the parties to the contrary. F. Subsequent to a mediation, a mediator shall not establish another relationship with any of the participants in any matter that would raise questions about the integrity of the mediation. When a mediator develops personal or professional relationships with parties, other individuals or organizations following a mediation in which they were involved, the mediator should consider factors such as time elapsed following the mediation, the nature of the relationships established, and services offered when determining whether the relationships might create a perceived or actual conflict of interest.

38. STA NDARD IV. COMPETENCE A. A mediator shall mediate only when the mediator has the necessary competence to satisfy the reasonable expectations of the parties. • 1. Any person may be selected as a mediator, provided that the parties are satisfied with the mediator’s competence and qualifications. Training, experience in mediation, skills, cultural understandings and other qualities are often necessary for mediator competence. A person who offers to serve as a mediator creates the expectation that the person is competent to mediate effectively. • 2. A mediator should attend educational programs and related activities to maintain and enhance the mediator’s knowledge and skills related to mediation. • 3. A mediator should have available for the parties’ information relevant to the mediator’s training, education, experience and approach to conducting a mediation. B. If a mediator, during the course of a mediation determines that the mediator cannotconduct the mediation competently, the mediator shall discuss that determination with the parties as soon as is practicable and take appropriate steps to address the situation, including, but not limited to, withdrawing or requesting appropriate assistance. C. If a mediator’s ability to conduct a mediation is impaired by drugs, alcohol, medication or otherwise, the mediator shall not conduct the mediation. STA NDARD V. CONFIDENTIALITY A. A mediator shall maintain the confidentiality of all information obtained by the mediator in mediation, unless otherwise agreed to by the parties or required by applicable law. • 1. If the parties to a mediation agree that the mediator may disclose information obtained during the mediation, the mediator may do so. • 2. A mediator should not communicate to any nonparticipant information about how the parties acted in the mediation. A mediator may report, if required, whether parties appeared at a scheduled mediation and whether or not the parties reached a resolution. • 3. If a mediator participates in teaching, research or evaluation of mediation, the mediator should protect the anonymity of the parties and abide by their reasonable expectations regarding confidentiality. B. A mediator who meets with any persons in private session during a mediation shall not convey directly or indirectly to any other person, any information that was obtained during that private session without the consent of the disclosing person. C. A mediator shall promote understanding among the parties of the extent to which the parties will maintain confidentiality of information they obtain in a mediation. D. Depending on the circumstance of a mediation, the parties may have varying expectations regarding confidentiality that a mediator should address. The parties may make their own rules with respect to confidentiality, or the accepted practice of an individual mediator or institution may dictate a particular set of expectations.

39. STA NDARD VI. QUALITY OF THE PROCESS A. A mediator shall conduct a mediation in accordance with these Standards and in a manner that promotes diligence, timeliness, safety, presence of the appropriate participants, party participation, procedural fairness, party competency and mutual respect among all participants. • 1. A mediator should agree to mediate only when the mediator is prepared to commit the attention essential to an effective mediation. • 2. A mediator should only accept cases when the mediator can satisfy the reasonable expectation of the parties concerning the timing of a mediation. • 3. The presence or absence of persons at a mediation depends on the agreement of the parties and the mediator. The parties and mediator may agree that others may be excluded from particular sessions or from all sessions. • 4. A mediator should promote honesty and candor between and among all participants, and a mediator shall not knowingly misrepresent any material fact or circumstance in the course of a mediation. • 5. The role of a mediator differs substantially from other professional roles. Mixing the role of a mediator and the role of another profession is problematic and thus, a mediator should distinguish between the roles. A mediator may provide information that the mediator is qualified by training or experience to provide, only if the mediator can do so consistent with these Standards. • 6. A mediator shall not conduct a dispute resolution procedure other than mediation but label it mediation in an effort to gain the protection of rules, statutes, or other governing authorities pertaining to mediation. • 7. A mediator may recommend, when appropriate, that parties consider resolving their dispute through arbitration, counseling, neutral evaluation or other processes. • 8. A mediator shall not undertake an additional dispute resolution role in the same matter without the consent of the parties. Before providing such service, a mediator shall inform the parties of the implications of the change in process and obtain their consent to the change. A mediator who undertakes such role assumes different duties and responsibilities that may be governed by other standards. • 9. If a mediation is being used to further criminal conduct, a mediator should take appropriate steps including, if necessary, postponing, withdrawing from or terminating the mediation. • 10. If a party appears to have difficulty comprehending the process, issues, or settlement options, or difficulty participating in a mediation, the mediator should explore the circumstances and potential accommodations, modifications or adjustments that would make possible the party’s capacity to comprehend, participate and exercise self-determination. B. If a mediator is made aware of domestic abuse or violence among the parties, the mediator shall take appropriate steps including, if necessary, postponing, withdrawing from or terminating the mediation. C. If a mediator believes that participant conduct, including that of the mediator, jeopardizes conducting a mediation consistent with these Standards, a mediator shall take appropriate steps including, if necessary, postponing, withdrawing from or terminating the mediation.

40. STA NDARD VII. ADVERTISI NG AND SOLICITATIO N A. A mediator shall be truthful and not misleading when advertising, soliciting or otherwise communicating the mediator’s qualifications, experience, services and fees. • 1. A mediator should not include any promises as to outcome in communications, including business cards, stationery, or computer-based communications. • 2. A mediator should only claim to meet the mediator qualifications of a governmental entity or private organization if that entity or organization has a recognized procedure for qualifying mediators and it grants such status to the mediator. B. A mediator shall not solicit in a manner that gives an appearance of partiality for or against a party or otherwise undermines the integrity of the process. C. A mediator shall not communicate to others, in promotional materials or through other forms of communication, the names of persons served without their permission. STA NDARD VIII. FEES AND OTHER CHARGES A. A mediator shall provide each party or each party’s representative true and complete information about mediation fees, expenses and any other actual or potential charges that may be incurred in connection with a mediation. • 1. If a mediator charges fees, the mediator should develop them in light of all relevant factors, including the type and complexity of the matter, the qualifications of the mediator, the time required and the rates customary for such mediation services. • 2. A mediator’s fee arrangement should be in writing unless the parties request otherwise. B. A mediator shall not charge fees in a manner that impairs a mediator’s impartiality. • 1. A mediator should not enter into a fee agreement which is contingent upon the result of the mediation or amount of the settlement. • 2. While a mediator may accept unequal fee payments from the parties, a mediator should not allow such a fee arrangement to adversely impact the mediator’s ability to conduct a mediation in an impartial manner. STA NDARD IX. ADVANCEMENT OF MEDIATION PRACTICE A. A mediator should act in a manner that advances the practice of mediation. A mediator promotes this Standard by engaging in some or all of the following: • 1. Fostering diversity within the field of mediation. • 2. Striving to make mediation accessible to those who elect to use it, including providing services at a reduced rate or on a pro bono basis as appropriate. • 3. Participating in research when given the opportunity, including obtaining participant feedback when appropriate. • 4. Participating in outreach and education efforts to assist the public in developing an improved understanding of, and appreciation for, mediation. • 5. Assisting newer mediators through training, mentoring and networking. B. A mediator should demonstrate respect for differing points of view within the field, seek to learn from other mediators and work together with other mediators to improve the profession and better serve people in conflict.

41. Idaho attorneys actions acting as a third-party neutral are governed by Idaho Rules of Professional Conduct 2.2

42. RULE 2.2: LAWYER SERVING AS THIRD-PARTY NEUTRAL (a) A lawyer serves as a third-party neutral when the lawyer assists two or more persons who are not clients of the lawyer to reach a resolution of a dispute or other matter that has arisen between them. Service as a third-party neutral may include service as an arbitrator, a mediator or in such other capacity as will enable the lawyer to assist the parties to resolve the matter. (b) A lawyer serving as a third-party neutral shall inform unrepresented parties that the lawyer is not representing them. When the lawyer knows or reasonably should know that a party does not understand the lawyer's role in the matter, the lawyer shall explain the difference between the lawyer's role as a third-party neutral and a lawyer's role as one who represents a client. Commentary [1] Alternative dispute resolution has become a substantial part of the civil justice system. Aside from representing clients in dispute-resolution processes, lawyers often serve as third-party neutrals. A third-party neutral is a person, such as a mediator, arbitrator, conciliator or evaluator, who assists the parties, represented or unrepresented, in the resolution of a dispute or in the arrangement of a transaction. Whether a third-party neutral serves primarily as a facilitator, evaluator or decision maker depends on the particular process that is either selected by the parties or mandated by a court. [2] The role of a third-party neutral is not unique to lawyers, although, in some court-connected contexts, only lawyers are allowed to serve in this role or to handle certain types of cases. In performing this role, the lawyer may be subject to court rules or other law that apply either to third-party neutrals generally or to lawyers serving as third-party neutrals. Lawyer-neutrals may also be subject to various codes of ethics, such as the Code of Ethics for Arbitration in Commercial Disputes prepared by a joint committee of the American Bar Association and the American Arbitration Association or the Model Standards of Conduct for Mediators jointly prepared by the American Bar Association, the American Arbitration Association and the Society of Professionals in Dispute Resolution. [3] Unlike nonlawyers who serve as third-party neutrals, lawyers serving in this role may experience unique problems as a result of differences between the role of a third-party neutral and a lawyer's service as a client representative. The potential for confusion is significant when the parties are unrepresented in the process. Thus, paragraph (b) requires a lawyer-neutral to inform unrepresented parties that the lawyer is not representing them. For some parties, particularly parties who frequently use dispute-resolution processes, this information will be sufficient. For others, particularly those who are using the process for the first time, more information will be required. Where appropriate, the lawyer should inform unrepresented parties of the important differences between the lawyer's role as third party neutral and a lawyer's role as a client representative, including the inapplicability of the attorney-client evidentiary privilege. The extent of disclosure required under this paragraph will depend on the particular parties involved and the subject matter of the proceeding, as well as the particular features of the dispute-resolution process selected. [4] A lawyer who serves as a third-party neutral subsequently may be asked to serve as a lawyer representing a client in the same matter. The conflicts of interest that arise for both the individual lawyer and the lawyer's law firm are addressed in Rule 1.12. [5] Lawyers who represent clients in alternative dispute-resolution processes are governed by the Rules of Professional Conduct. When the dispute-resolution process takes place before a tribunal, as in binding arbitration (see Rule 1.0(m)), the lawyer's duty of candor is governed by Rule 3.3. Otherwise, the lawyer's duty of candor toward both the third-party neutral and other parties is governed by Rule 4.1.

44. IDAHO MEDIATION ASSOCIATION STANDARDS OF PRACTICE FOR IDAHO MEDIATORS Preamble Mediation is a process by which a neutral third party facilitates the resolution of conflict between two or more parties. Mediators must be qualified and impartial. Decision making authority rests at all times with the parties. The parties should have clear and sufficient information so that they can make informed decisions. A mediator facilitates the clarification of interests and exploration of alternatives. The mediator does not make decisions for the parties. A mediator's role is to raise questions for consideration by the parties including questions of fairness and feasibility of settlement options. A mediator's function is distinct from the role of legal advisor, representative or therapist. The mediation process is distinct from processes involving arbitration, litigation, evaluation or recommendation. These standards are intended to assist and guide public, private, voluntary and mandatory mediation. It is understood that the manner of implementation and mediator adherence to these standards may be influenced by variations in local law, court rule, or standards of other professions. The Idaho Mediation Association views these standards as minimum standards that can reasonably be expected of mediators holding certificates issued by the Association. Mediators who are not Idaho Mediation Association certified are encouraged to abide by these standards when acting in a meditative capacity.

45. I. Facilitating the Process 1. Educating Parties About Mediation A mediator has a duty to educate parties about the mediation process so that parties understand the differences between mediation, arbitration, and other forms of conflict resolution, as well as therapy, counseling, or legal representation. 2. Appropriateness of Mediation A mediator has a duty to assess the parties' willingness and ability to mediate. A mediator will help the participants evaluate the benefits, risks and costs of mediation and the alternatives available to them. If mediation is inappropriate, the mediator must decline to mediate and suggest parties seek another conflict resolution process. This is a continuing and on-going duty of the mediator. 3. Responsibility to Absentee Parties A mediator will make reasonable effort to assist the parties to consider the interests of absentee parties who are not being represented in the mediation process but will be affected by the subsequent outcome. 4. Identification of Issues A mediator has a duty to gather information from the parties and assist them to mutually define and agree on issues to be addressed in the mediation. 5. Duty to Disclose Prior to the mutual agreement to commence, the mediator must disclose to parties any biases or strong views relating to the issues to be mediated. This is a continuing and ongoing duty of the mediator. A mediator has a duty to assess his or her own ability and willingness to undertake mediation with the particular parties and the issues to be mediated. The mediator shall disclose experience, training and any allegiance to participating parties. 6. Disclosure by the Parties A mediator will insist upon disclosure of relevant information in the mediation process. If the mediator believes the parties are not acting in good faith, he or she may suspend or terminate the process.

46. 7. Procedures A mediator should reach an understanding with the parties regarding the procedures to be followed in mediation. This includes, but is not limited to the use of joint or separate sessions, caucus, confidentiality, involvement of additional parties, legal services, and conditions under which mediation may be terminated. Through verbal or written mutual agreement, the mediator and parties must define the rules by which the mediation is conducted. The duties and responsibilities of each participant should be clear. The parties should understand that they (individually or collectively) or the mediator has the right to voluntarily suspend or terminate the process at any time. 8. Costs and Fees A mediator has a duty to explain fees for payment of services. Mediation is not based on contingency fees or percentages of the outcome of the settlement. When setting fees, the mediator assures that they are explicit, fair, reasonable and commensurate with services to be performed. Any unearned fees will be promptly returned to participants. No commissions, rebates, or similar forms of remuneration are given or received for referral of clients for mediation services. 9. Independent Legal Counsel Mediators should encourage parties to seek independent legal counsel during the process, if appropriate, and will inform the parties that mediation is not a substitute for legal counsel. • II. Confidentiality • 1. Exchange of Information • A mediator has a duty to foster the confidentiality of the process unless all parties agree to share information under specific circumstances. • 2. Duty to Report • In relevant cases, a mediator must inform the parties that he or she is compelled by law to report to appropriate authorities information about child abuse, neglect or abandonment. Mediators are strongly encouraged to report to the appropriate authorities threat of injury to self or others, unless required to do so by other professional standards. • 3. Legal Testimony • A mediator will refrain from testifying at court proceedings without the consent of all parties. However, the mediator should explain to the parties that he or she may be compelled to testify as a result of judicial rule. • 4. Storage and Disposal of Records • A mediator has a duty to store and dispose of records in a confidential and professional manner. • 5. Release of Information • A mediator shall obtain mutual written consent of parties prior to release of information to others. When records concerning mediations are used for research or training purposes, the mediator will maintain participant confidentially and render anonymous all identifying information.

47. III. Impartiality 1. Prior Relationships A mediator will disclose to the participants any prior affiliations he or she may have with parties prior to the start of mediation. If prior services have been provided to any of the participants, mediation will not proceed until the relationship has been discussed, the role of the mediator has been made distinct from the earlier relationship, and the participants voluntarily agree to proceed with mediation. 2. Post-Mediation Relationships A mediator should be aware that post-mediation professional or social relationships may compromise the availability of the mediator as a neutral third party. 3. Independence of Mediator From Other Professional Roles A mediator who is an attorney, mental health, or other professional shall not represent or counsel either party during or after the mediation process in matters pertaining to the instant mediation. The mediator should refer these issues to appropriate outside resources. 4. Conflict of Interest The mediator will have no financial or other interest in the outcome of the mediation other than the agreed upon fee arrangement. A mediator must disclose any circumstance to the participants that might cause a conflict of interest. 5. Promotion of Understanding The primary responsibility for the resolution of the dispute rests with the participants. The mediator has a duty to assist the participants in reaching an informed and voluntary settlement. At no time should a mediator coerce a party into agreement or make a substantive decision for any participant. The mediator will promote understanding and will assist the parties in disclosure of relevant information prior to reaching agreement. The mediator may recommend that parties obtain expert consultation when additional knowledge or understanding is necessary. 6. Providing Professional Advice A mediator may provide information where qualified by training and experience. The mediator should only provide an interpretation or advice based upon the mediator's area(s) of expertise. • IV. Concluding Mediation • 1. With Agreement • When participants reach mutual agreement, the mediator will discuss the process for formalizing and implementing the memorandum of understanding. When partial agreement is reached, the mediator will discuss the procedures available to resolve the remaining issues. • 2. Without Agreement • If the mediator determines that the parties are unable or unwilling to participate in meaningful discussion or if they reach impasse the mediator should terminate the process. If the process is terminated the mediator may assist the parties in determining the next step and may refer them to other appropriate resources.

48. V. Publicity and Advertising 1. Truth in Advertising A mediator will not make false or misleading statements regarding his or her own abilities and qualifications, or about the mediation process and its costs and benefits. V1. Professional Relationships 1. Relationships with other Mediators In situations where more than one mediator is participating, each has a duty to keep the other informed of developments essential to a cooperative effort. 2. Relationships with other Professionals A mediator should respect the complementary relationship between mediation and legal, mental health, and other social and medical services and should promote cooperation with other professionals. VII. Training and Continuing Education 1. Training A mediator has a duty to acquire substantive knowledge and procedural skill in conducting the basic mediation process as well as areas of specialization. 2. Continuing Education A mediator has a responsibility to participate in continuing education and ongoing professional growth. A mediator is encouraged to join with other mediators and members of related professions to promote professional development. VIII. Advancement of Mediation 1. Mediation Service A mediator is encouraged to provide some mediation service in the community for a nominal or no fee and to act as a mentor for others who are entering the profession. 2. Promotion of Mediation A mediator has a duty to promote the advancement of mediation by encouraging and participating in research, publishing or other forms of professional and/or public information and education. *These standards will probably be used as the basis for a jury instruction in the even you are sued for professional negligence. They can be argued to establish your duty of care.

49. How Attorneys Fit With Mediation NOT governed by Idaho Rules of Professional Attorney conduct in mediation is Conduct.

50. Ethical Dilemma Separating mediation from counseling and legal advice - You are mediating with two parties and the conflict centers around default of contract on a construction job. You are a former contractor and worked extensively with construction agreements for over twenty years. You realize the disputants are in error over one portion of the contractual agreement in question. You know that you could explain the contract in a way they would both understand, yet they have not solicited this information from you. The parties have, however, discussed calling their respective attorneys and having them explain the situation. You don’t believe this is necessary, yet you would not discourage independent counsel. What do you do?