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Understanding Human Development: Theories and Influences

Explore various models of development, including heritability, stages, and social development theories. Dive into moral development, attachment, attachment styles, moral thought to action, and personality theories. Discuss the impact of parenting styles, social learning, and attachment on social development. Unravel the complexities of personality traits versus types, the Big Five traits, and the heritability of personality. Delve into the debate surrounding nature versus nurture in personality development.

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Understanding Human Development: Theories and Influences

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  1. General Issues in Development Heritability = V(H)/V(H) + V(E) (But we can’t do the experiment!)

  2. Some Models of Development • Ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny? • None (little adults) • Progressive differentiation • Maturation (Instinct, reflex, etc.) • Critical period • Readiness • Stages • Waves

  3. Social Development • This topic gets at the core of who and what we are. • First: Theories on Development • Behavioral: patterns of reward/punishment -Cognitive: Growth in understanding (+ Piaget on moral development) -Social learning theory (modeling & imitation are central)-- Bobo -Psychoanalytic theory: internalization in childhood (child as the father of the man?)

  4. Attachment & Importance of Childhood (Psychoanalytic View) • Harlow Work incl. therapist monkeys, but there is need for therapy! • Hospitalism: Spitz et at./orphanage --> retarded adult • Ainsworth work: a solid base from which to explore the world. Secure, insecure-avoidant, insecure-resistant (toy filled room, mother leaves & returns) later correlation with adjustment

  5. Strange Situation Results Middle class kids: • 60% secure • 15% anxious/resistant • 10% anxxious avoidant • 15% disorganized • But is it causal? unclear. (Due to child's temperament?)

  6. Day Care & Attachment • Jay Belsky on amount of time in daycare vs. type of attachment (secure vs.. insecure) Fulltime 20-35hrs. 10-20 hrs. Mother % secure 53 65 79 75

  7. Moral Development: Kohlberg Preconventional, conventional, postconv. • 1. punishment avoidance/ control of others • 2. individual instrumental purpose: egocentric • 3. good boy good girl (mutual interpersonal expectations) • 4. law and order (social system and conscience) • 5. social contract • 6. universal ethical principles

  8. Moral Thought-->Moral Action? level 1 2 3 4 5 6 % arrested M 60 18 6 41 75 " F 33* 9 12 57 86*

  9. Need for Achievement (McClelland) • A. the measure: Murray TAT • B. the finding: varying amounts of nAch • C. predicts performance (goals people set, rate of advancement of mngr) • D. childrearing aspects: expectations for independence • E. societal implications/findings: electrical power and other things • F. Winterbottam's dev. study (mother expectations) • G. 30 countries and KWH corr.= .53 (corr. with 1925, not 1950) • H. class differences

  10. Child Rearing Styles • Autocratic (authoritarian), authoritative,permissive, uninvolved • Affects anger, withdrawnness, independence • Class differences: external vs.. internal control ( cog. diss. theory --minimum external control)-- forbidden toy exper. Lepper Green & Nisbett

  11. Child Rearing Strategies • Long term vs. short term • Most important task you will face….and there’s no instruction manual!

  12. Major Influences on Soc. Dev. • Maturational • Attachment • Parenting Style • Social learning • Identification • Lesson of Wild Child

  13. Personality • Traits vs. Types • Big five: • Extraversion • Neuroticism • Conscientiousness • Openness to experience 40 to 60% heritable

  14. Situationism • Low correlations across situations • Strong vs. weak situations • But-brain differences and heritability • Introverts more sensitive to external stimuli • More reactive cns • Low pain tolerance • Underactive Nor-epi system • Sensation seeking extraverts

  15. Heritability: Big five correlations • Identical twins vs. fraternal twins:correlation in personalities • Identical Fraternal • Reared together- .51 vs. .23 • Reared apart- .50 vs. .21

  16. Personality Theories • Psychoanalytic • Humanistic • Issue of Identification in forming us

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