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General Issues in Development

General Issues in Development. Heritability = V(H)/V(H) + V(E) (But we can’t do the experiment!). Some Models of Development. Ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny? None (little adults) Progressive differentiation Maturation (Instinct, reflex, etc.) Critical period Readiness Stages Waves.

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General Issues in Development

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  1. General Issues in Development Heritability = V(H)/V(H) + V(E) (But we can’t do the experiment!)

  2. Some Models of Development • Ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny? • None (little adults) • Progressive differentiation • Maturation (Instinct, reflex, etc.) • Critical period • Readiness • Stages • Waves

  3. Social Development • This topic gets at the core of who and what we are. • First: Theories on Development • Behavioral: patterns of reward/punishment -Cognitive: Growth in understanding (+ Piaget on moral development) -Social learning theory (modeling & imitation are central)-- Bobo -Psychoanalytic theory: internalization in childhood (child as the father of the man?)

  4. Attachment & Importance of Childhood (Psychoanalytic View) • Harlow Work incl. therapist monkeys, but there is need for therapy! • Hospitalism: Spitz et at./orphanage --> retarded adult • Ainsworth work: a solid base from which to explore the world. Secure, insecure-avoidant, insecure-resistant (toy filled room, mother leaves & returns) later correlation with adjustment

  5. Strange Situation Results Middle class kids: • 60% secure • 15% anxious/resistant • 10% anxxious avoidant • 15% disorganized • But is it causal? unclear. (Due to child's temperament?)

  6. Day Care & Attachment • Jay Belsky on amount of time in daycare vs. type of attachment (secure vs.. insecure) Fulltime 20-35hrs. 10-20 hrs. Mother % secure 53 65 79 75

  7. Moral Development: Kohlberg Preconventional, conventional, postconv. • 1. punishment avoidance/ control of others • 2. individual instrumental purpose: egocentric • 3. good boy good girl (mutual interpersonal expectations) • 4. law and order (social system and conscience) • 5. social contract • 6. universal ethical principles

  8. Moral Thought-->Moral Action? level 1 2 3 4 5 6 % arrested M 60 18 6 41 75 " F 33* 9 12 57 86*

  9. Need for Achievement (McClelland) • A. the measure: Murray TAT • B. the finding: varying amounts of nAch • C. predicts performance (goals people set, rate of advancement of mngr) • D. childrearing aspects: expectations for independence • E. societal implications/findings: electrical power and other things • F. Winterbottam's dev. study (mother expectations) • G. 30 countries and KWH corr.= .53 (corr. with 1925, not 1950) • H. class differences

  10. Child Rearing Styles • Autocratic (authoritarian), authoritative,permissive, uninvolved • Affects anger, withdrawnness, independence • Class differences: external vs.. internal control ( cog. diss. theory --minimum external control)-- forbidden toy exper. Lepper Green & Nisbett

  11. Child Rearing Strategies • Long term vs. short term • Most important task you will face….and there’s no instruction manual!

  12. Major Influences on Soc. Dev. • Maturational • Attachment • Parenting Style • Social learning • Identification • Lesson of Wild Child

  13. Personality • Traits vs. Types • Big five: • Extraversion • Neuroticism • Conscientiousness • Openness to experience 40 to 60% heritable

  14. Situationism • Low correlations across situations • Strong vs. weak situations • But-brain differences and heritability • Introverts more sensitive to external stimuli • More reactive cns • Low pain tolerance • Underactive Nor-epi system • Sensation seeking extraverts

  15. Heritability: Big five correlations • Identical twins vs. fraternal twins:correlation in personalities • Identical Fraternal • Reared together- .51 vs. .23 • Reared apart- .50 vs. .21

  16. Personality Theories • Psychoanalytic • Humanistic • Issue of Identification in forming us

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