1. ZAP! • Object: End with the most points • The first team to have a representative stand will answer the question. • IF correct, your team get 2 points and a ZAP! Card. • Your team must then follow the instructions • Ex. Switch scores with another team, ZAP! Another team. • ZAP! Means the score returns to zero.

2. Name 2 of the 5 soil forming factors • A: Time, Organisms, Parent Material, Topography, Climate

3. How is soil transported? • A: Glacial Ice • Wind • Water • Gravity

4. Define Parent Material • A: The rock that is broken down to form soil.

5. What are the four changes that NATURALLY occur in soil? • Additions • Losses • Transformations • Translocations

6. What is found in the “O” horizon? • A:This is an organic layer made up of partially decayed plant and animal debris. It generally occurs in undisturbed soil such as in a forest.

7. Which horizon is also known as the ‘topsoil’? • A: “A” Horizon

8. Why is the “B” Horizon known as the ‘zone of accumulation’? • A: Chemicals leached from the A and E horizons collect here. • What is another name for the “B” Horizon?

9. Which is lower in the profile, the “C” or “R” Horizon? • A: “R” – Underlying Bedrock • “C” Horizon – Parent Material

10. Rank the 3 soil particles in size from largest to smallest

11. What is soil texture? • A: The fineness or coarseness of a soil

12. What are the four characteristics that are influenced by soil texture? • Water-holding capacity—the ability of a soil to retain water for use by plants • Permeability—the ease with which air and water may pass through the soil • Soil workability—the ease with which soil may be tilled and the timing of working the soil after a rain • Ability of plants to grow—some root crops like carrots and onions will have difficulty growing in a fine-textured soil

13. Identify an agricultural use for soil • Cropland • Pasture • Forest • Urban Agriculture

14. What percentage of land in the US is used for cropland? • A: 24%

15. True or False: Class IV land is MORE restricted than Class V land • A: False • Rank all 8 classes

16. When we say a piece of land has a 9% slope, what do we mean? • A: For every 100 feet horizonally, the land DROPS 9 feet • What class would this be found in?

17. Define Soil Erosion • A: The process by which soil is moved

18. What is one cause of accelerated erosion? • A: Plowing • Is erosion ALWAYS bad?

19. Describe the steps of the erosion process • Loosening of soil particles • Moving of soil particles • Deposition of soil particles

20. What are the three types of wind erosion? Describe one. • A: Saltation – Medium sized particles are lifted into the air, but fall back to the ground • Suspension – Small particles are kept airborne • Creep – Large particles ‘creep’ along the ground

21. Name and describe the 3 types of water erosion • A: Sheet erosion – Thin layers of soil are worn away • Rill erosion – Small channels are formed by running water • Gully erosion – Rills continue to wash away and become more severe

22. What are 2 On-Site effects of soil erosion? • A: Removal of Topsoil • Nutrient Loss • Loss of Plant-Available Water

23. List at least 2 urban soil conservation methods. • A: Silt Fences • Cover Crops • Mulching

24. List at least 2 horticultural/agricultural soil conservation methods. • A: Cover Crops • Contour Cropping • Terraces • Grass Strips/Ditches • Windbreaks • Conservation Tillage

25. QUESTIONS? Note: This is NOT everything that may be on the test