Social Science 6 th & 7th

1. Social Science 6th & 7th For STAR Test Review

2. Search for Early Humans • In Ethiopia, East Africa, fossils of woman 3.2 million years old found. • Named Lucy - 3.5 feet tall and died at age 25. Walked upright, brain size of softball • Hunters - men searching for food. • Gatherers - women caring for the young and searching for plant food. • Hunter-gatherers were nomads and societies had simple daily lives.

3. Early Man Neanderthals – found in Neander Valley, Germany • Lived about 230,000 - 30,000 years ago • Bony ridges about eyes • Broad noses • Big, strong chests • Homo Sapiens – “Wise humans” • About 130,000 years ago – today • Modern humans appeared about 40,000 years ago • Lived about same time as Neanderthals • Cro-Magnons were named for bones found in cave in France: Were group of Homo sapiens

4. Early Agriculture • Ice age ended, had to adapt to new environments • Hunter-Gatherers had to find new food sources • Living by rivers, clearing trees (slash & burn) • Other hunter-gatherers shifted to farming • Domesticated wild plant into gardens, plant crops • Capture & domesticate wild animals into farm animals

5. Early City • Uruk • Considered world’s first City • About 5000 BC in present day Iraq • More than 40,000 people lived there • Well-organized government - first rulers priests • Had economy based on farming and trade.

6. Rise of Civilizations • Feature of Civilizations • 1. Cities • 2. System of government • 3. Established religion • 4. Specialization of labor • 5. Social classes • 6. Highly developed culture • Art, architecture, religion, music and law and can also have writing • 7. Writing

7. Mesopotamia • Mesopotamia is a region • Tigris and Euphrates rivers are main sources of water for region • Sumer is the lower area of Mesopotamia • Religion was polytheistic

8. Writing • First writing was picture symbols (pictographs) • Symbols were simplified and became cuneiform (wedge shape) • Cuneiform was used in Middle East for 2000 years • @900 BC Phoenicians streamlined the writing and invented the alphabet with 22 symbols

9. First Mesopotamian Empire • Sargon ruler of Akkad • Led his strong army and conquered Uruk, Ur, Lagash and Umma • Sargon created first empire

10. Code of Hammurabi • Babylonian Empire • 282 laws of Babylonia carved on 8 ft slab of black stone • Hammurabi tried to cover all matters. • Made sure laws did not conflict with each other • Complete and organized - code • Covered religion, irrigation, military service, trade, slavery, duties of workers. • Gave protection to women and family

11. Egypt • Upper Egypt is Southern part of Egypt • Lower Egypt is Northern part of Egypt • Cataracts (rapids & waterfalls) separate the fertile areas of the Nile • Black land – fertile land • Red land - desert

12. United Kingdoms • Menes king of Upper Egypt defeated the king of Lower Egypt and united the two lands. • Known as “Lord of Two Lands” he started the first Egyptian dynasty

13. Hatshepsut • She was daughter of Thutmose I and half-sister to Thutmose II • Took over throne until Thutmose III was ready • She was a skillful ruler for 20 years • She had many temples and obelisks built • She did not have a pyramid • Hatshepsut improved home life and trading and did not expand the empire. • Egypt enjoyed peace and prosperity under her rule

14. Ramses II • Ramses II expansion of Egyptian empire through conquest • Had statues of himself and temples built in his honor

15. Nubia • Egypt traded for goods and resources with Nubia and Mesopotamia • Nubia is south of Egypt - Egypt called it Kush • Nubia became independent and sent an army to conquer Egypt • Kush ruled Egypt for about 100 years

16. Journey to Afterlife • Egyptians believed in polytheism • Mummification - internal organs removed and placed in canopic jars • Brain thrown away, heart left in body. • Person’s heart is brought to be weighed against the Feather of Truth • If found to be good, person allowed into afterlife, if found to be heavy with sin, heart eaten and person ceased to exist.

17. Pyramids & Papyrus • : Imhotep designed the first pyramids - step pyramid • - Later smooth sided pyramids built • - Pyramids used as burial tombs/temples for pharaohs • : Largest pyramid at Giza for King Khufu • Egyptians invented first paper. • Papyrus is reed that grows along Nile. • Papyrus sheet lasted over centuries. • Medical books, calendars, stories all tell of Ancient Egypt

18. Hebrews • Hebrews practice monotheism • Judaism, the religion of the Jewish people. • Books are called the Torah. • The Torah contains the central religious teachings of Judaism. • For Jews the Torah explains their faith in God. • Hebrews follow ideas of ethical behavior.

19. The beginning • God commanded a shepherd named Abraham to move from Ur in Mesopotamia to Canaan. • Abraham’s son Isaac and grandson Jacob passed down their experiences to the Hebrews. • Through a message from God, Jacob was given the name Israel and was to give the name to the Hebrews.

20. The Exodus • Moses an orphan found by the Pharaoh’s family. • Moses grew up with the Pharaoh then left to search for his life. • God armed Moses with miraculous powers to persuade the Egyptian ruler to free the Israelites. • Terrifying plagues struck the Egyptians since the ruler would not let the Israelites free. Water turned to blood. Frogs, lice and insects swarmed over the Egyptians. • Final plague happened which God killed the first born son in every non Israelite family • The ruler finally let them free • Moses led them over seas toward promise land.

21. Kings of Israel • Saul was first king of Israel. • David was second king and expanded the kingdom. • Captured Jerusalum - center for worship • Made Israel safe from attack. • Solomon, David’s son was 3rd king and extended the kingdom.

22. India • The major rivers that helped in the development of South Asian history are: • Indus River • Ganges River • Just like Mesopotamia and Egypt, this civilization developed in a hot desert • They relied on the river for survival (food/water)

23. Caste System of Vedic Age • A Caste System is a social structure where the social class is inherited from one’s parents at birth and does not change in one’s lifetime

24. Beliefs of Hinduism • Pleasure - from food, love, sports, etc • Success - from wealth, power, helping others • Dharma - living moral life; doing one’s best • Moksha - release from life; reunite with Brahman • Reincarnation - soul reborn in new life • Allows Hindus to achieve Moksha in more than one lifetime • Karma - sum of person’s actions and consequences • Affects Dharma and Reincarnation.

25. Buddhism - Origins • Buddhism is a religion based on the teachings of Siddhartha Gautama, an Indian spiritual leader. • Born a prince in 563 B.C • When Siddhartha was born a fortuneteller predicted that if he saw death, disease, or old age he would not become a powerful king • Siddhartha gave up all his riches and family to search for peace and serenity

26. Middle Way • The Buddha focused on teaching people how to escape the endless cycle of death and rebirth. • First, all people should live a life known as “The Middle Way” • Do not deny your body of food (self-denial) AND do not live a life of pleasure

27. Four Noble Truths • 1. Life includes suffering • 2. Suffering is caused by wanting things you do not have • 3. Suffering can end by not being selfish • 4. To overcome selfishness you must follow the Eightfold path

28. Eightfold Path • If people follow the Eightfold path they will live a life without selfishness • Final Goal is to reach NIRVANA: • State of blissful peace without desire or suffering • Missionaries spread Buddhism through most of Asia

29. India’s Empires • Chandragupta Maurya united India under one ruler • Asoka was Chandragupta grandson and gained power of India in 269 B.C. • As ruler, Asoka was not like Chandrgupta • Asoka turned away from violence and followed many Buddhist teachings

30. Gupta and Advancements • India’s next big empire was the Gupta Empire • Many types of literature flourished: • Fable (moral story) and Fairy Tale were invented • Math • Hindu-Arabic numerals • Concept of “0” • Decimal system • Medicine • Metal Work

31. China • China was isolated from other civilizations • Natural barriers made it hard to travel or communicate • The first civilization developed along the Huang He (Yellow) River in the North China Plain • known as the Yangshao Civilization

32. Early Dynasties • Xia Dynasty – first dynasty • Shang - 2nd dynasty • The Zhou conquered the Shang Dynasy in 1050 B.C • Zhou leaders believed they had support from heaven • They believed heaven gave them the RIGHT TO RULE, called the Mandate of Heaven

33. Confucianism • During the Era of Warring states (after Zhou), China was in anarchy (disorder and chaos) • People had different ideas on how to end the chaos in China • Legalists were a group who believed in a strong legal system • Confucius taught moral and ethical behavior • His teachings became known as Confucianism • This is a PHILOSOPHY, or set of beliefs about how to live

34. 5 Key Relationships • Confucius believed a stable society was based on 5 key relationships • Ruler-Subject • Father-Son • Husband-Wife • Older Brother-Younger brother • Older friend-Younger friend • Foundation of social order in China

35. Daoism • Daoism developed at the same time as Confucianism • Daoism is a philosophy that emphasizes a simple and natural life • Laozi was the founder of Daoism • The Chinese believed that two great forces, called YIN and YANG, are at work in the universe • Yin= female force of nature (dark, cool, quiet) • Yang= male force (bright, warm, active) • The Dao made it possible for both forces to work together • The Dao means “The way of nature”

36. Qin Dynasty • After Era of Warring States, several powerful kingdoms emerged. • Qin was most powerful kingdom • Shi Huangdi “First Emperor” was title of first leader of Empire • Unified China had different languages, customs and danger of rebellion • Great Wall - 2,600 mile stone barrier • Watchtowers, 1,000,000 workers died during construction

37. Han Dynasty • General Lou Bang gained control of China - founded the Han Dynasty • Followed Confucian teachings • Encouraged learning, lowered taxes, ended censorship • Emperor Wudi expanded Han into Korea and Vietnam • Han government officials in civil services jobs • Got job through passing exam

38. Silk Road • Road went from Chang’an through India, Persia to Rome • Road brought silk, precious stones, wine, spices and tools • Used for more than 1,000 years

39. Han Achievments • Arts - sculpts in stone, clay & bronze. • Calligraphy, garden design, and music • Calculated of solar year, recorded eclipses, medical herbs and link between nutrition and health • Invented: • magnetic compass • seismograph • wheelbarrow • rudder • paper

40. Ancient Greece • Surrounded by seas: Aegean Sea, Ionian Sea • Climate was mild, but could not grow grain • Grew Grapes and Olives • Minoans - First civilization in Europe developed on the Island of Crete at Knossos • Vanished in 1400’s B.C for some reason

41. Early Civilizations • The first civilization was Mycenae on Peloponnesian Peninsula • King Agamemnon • King of Mycenae and controlled Greece overall • Trojan War and Odyssey occurred during this time

42. City-states • After Dark Age Greece entered new age of independent governments • City-states run by citizens (not kings) • Women, slaves and foreigners could not participate • Small population • Acropolis (temples and public buildings)

43. Early Governments of Greece • Oligarchy - small group in society holds power over larger group. • Tyranny was based on strong rulers. • Most were aristocrats - known as a tyrant • Athens at brink of war, appointed leader Solon to make changes • He granted male citizens right to vote • Cleisthenes gained power in Athens • Doubled the number of citizens who could vote • Increased power of the assembly which gave more citizens a voice in government

44. Athenian Democracy • Assembly- all male citizens of city-state • Council - 500 citizens decided which issues Assembly would discuss • Members chosen by random, held position for 1 year • Courts - no judge or lawyers. • Juries ran courts and decided cases • Juries had hundreds to thousands on each case to discourage bribery. • Paid for jury service

45. Greek Religion • Homer wrote about actual events of the Ancient Greeks and wrote how the Gods influenced the fate of people. • Greeks created Olympics to honor Zeus and the other gods. Their way of showing the skill and wonders the gods had given the people. • People would talk with the Oracle to receive info about the future from who the gods.

46. Art & Architecture • Art – skilled and admired for centuries • Painted pottery (vases, urns, bowls, etc) • Two techniques – black figure and red figure • Painting depicted myth, epic events and daily life. • Sculptures – statues of gods and goddesses • Showed the beauty of human body • Buildings for temples, banks and monuments created with precise measurements • Parthenon – Temple of Athena: Phidias • Most had Pediment (triangular top) and Frieze (horizontal band around building) • Style influenced architects through to today

47. Greek Learning • Greeks believed they could determine what is real and true by using Reason and Logic. • Socrates asked question after question to make people think. • Socratic method • His student Plato followed in his steps and founded a school of philosophy called the Academy • Aristotle, student of Plato taught Alexander the Great • Herodotus – father of modern history • Wrote the facts in information about events • Thucydides – second great historian • Interviewed people at events

48. Athens vs. Sparta • After 2nd Persian war Athens entered time of Golden Age • Athens created an alliance with other city-states – the Delian League • Delian League was to protect city-states from attacks by Persia • City-state to be equal, but Athens played major role • Athens began to run League as its Empire • No city-state allowed to leave • Rest of League resented Athens • Sparta formed the Peloponnesian League to protect itself

49. Athens vs. Spartacontinued • Athenians resisted Spartan attacks. • Plague broke out. Killed thousands of Athenians. • Pericles dies of the plague • Sparta attacks Athens again and cuts off food supply • Athens surrenders. • Athens government replaced for a time with an oligarchy. Later returns to democracy. • Greek city-states returned to being independent. • Golden Age of Greece was over

50. Alexander the Great • Macedonia was kingdom just north of Greece • Philip of Macedon • Gained control of Macedonia • Built a great, strong army to fight Persia • Due to weakness after Peloponnesian War, Greece fell to Philip quickly. • Philip was assassinated before he could start his war with Persia