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Neurotransmitters: Catecholamines & Acetylcholine Chapters 5 & 6

Neurotransmitters: Catecholamines & Acetylcholine Chapters 5 & 6. Catecholamines Dopamine Norepinephrine Epinephrine Acetylcholine Serotonin Glutamate GABA. Neurotransmitter Families. Neurotransmitters. Structural features of catecholamines. Synthesis of Catecholamines.

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Neurotransmitters: Catecholamines & Acetylcholine Chapters 5 & 6

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  1. Neurotransmitters:Catecholamines & AcetylcholineChapters 5 & 6 • Catecholamines • Dopamine • Norepinephrine • Epinephrine • Acetylcholine • Serotonin • Glutamate • GABA

  2. Neurotransmitter Families Neurotransmitters

  3. Structural features of catecholamines

  4. Synthesis of Catecholamines “rate-limiting enzyme”

  5. CatecholeminesSome adjectives • Dopamine (DA) • “dopaminergic” • Norepinephrine (NE) • “noradrenergic” • Epinephrine (EPI) • “adrenergic”

  6. Storage of Catecholaminesvesicular monoamine transporter protein (VMAT2)

  7. Behavioral effects of reserpine http://home.caregroup.org/clinical/altmed/interactions/Images/Herbs/rauwolfi.gif

  8. Dopamine Systems in the Brain • Mesolimbic pathway • Reinforcement • Mesocortical pathway • Planning • Nigrostriatal pathway • Movement

  9. Parkinson’s Disease: Damage to the substantia nigra http://www.urmc.rochester.edu/neuroslides/slides/slide199.jpg

  10. Causes of Parkinson’s Disease • Degeneration of substantia nigra • Less dopaminergic activity in basal ganglia • Discovery of MPPP  MPTP and MPP+

  11. A typical dopaminergic neuron

  12. D1 and D2 receptors

  13. Norepinephrine http://homepage.psy.utexas.edu/homepage/class/Psy301/Salinas/sec2/Brain/31.GIF

  14. Role of the locus coeruleus in vigilance

  15. Functions of Acetylcholine (ACh) • Neuromuscular junction (movement) • Central nervous system (learning and memory)

  16. Acetylcholine Receptors • Nicotinic receptors • Neuromuscular junctions • Ionotropic (ion channel) • Curare works on these receptors • Muscarinic receptors • Metatropic (second messengers) • Hippocampus, striatum • Morphine • Also located in heart and smooth muscles • Nightshade

  17. Serotonin (5-HT) • Mood • Appetite • Sleep

  18. Features of a serotonergic neuron

  19. Glutamate • Is an amino acid • Made from breakdown of glucose • Used for: • Making other proteins • Metabolism (energy) • Excitatory neurotransmitter

  20. Glutamate • Excitotoxicity • Excessive exposure to glutamate which leads to cell damage or cell death • Examples: • Domoic acid • Strokes

  21. GABA • GABA is the major inhibitory neurotransmitter of the central nervous system. • The GABAA receptor interacts with a number of drugs.

  22. Why is Inhibition Important? • Tetanospasmin (tetanus toxin) hitches a ride to the central nervous system from a wound site using the retrograde transport system within axons. • The toxin binds to receptor sites for gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA),and can’t be dislodged. • Without normal inhibitory input from GABA, muscles begin to go into sudden, involuntary contractions, or spasms.

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