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Understanding the Formation and Composition of Rocks in Earth's Changing Surface

This chapter delves into the formation and classification of rocks, explaining their composition and the processes that transform them. It highlights key concepts such as igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic rocks, the role of minerals in rock formation, and the identification of minerals using Mohs hardness scale. You'll discover how the Earth's crust is composed mainly of oxygen and silicon and learn about common minerals like feldspar and quartz. The chapter also introduces the rock cycle, illustrating how rocks continuously change and move.

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Understanding the Formation and Composition of Rocks in Earth's Changing Surface

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  1. The Changing Earth

  2. Chapter Thirteen: Formation of Rocks • 13.1 The Composition of Rocks • 13.2 Igneous Rocks • 13.3 How Rocks Change

  3. Investigation 13A Mineral Identification • How are minerals identified?

  4. 13.1 The composition of rocks • A rockis a naturally-formed solid made of one or more minerals. minerals rock

  5. 13.1 Rocks are made of minerals • A mineralis a solid, inorganic object with a defined chemical composition. • Minerals have atoms arranged into orderly structures called crystals. This cubic mineral is often placed on food. Can you guess what it is?

  6. 13.1 Rocks are made of minerals • Diamonds and graphite are both minerals that are made of carbon, but their crystalline structures are different.

  7. 13.1 Rocks are made of minerals • There are more than 4,000 minerals on Earth. • The two most abundant elements in Earth’s crust, are oxygen and silicon.

  8. 13.1 Common minerals and cleavage planes • Mica is a rock with its minerals stacked like the pages in a book. • A cleavage planeis a surface along which a mineral cleanly splits.

  9. 13.1 Common minerals and cleavage planes • Feldspar is the most abundant mineral in Earth’s crust. • Like feldspar, hornblende has two cleavage planes.

  10. 13.1 Common minerals and cleavage planes • Quartz is the second most abundant mineral in Earth’s crust. • Unlike feldspar, quartz lacks cleavage planes. • When quartz breaks, it does not split along planes.

  11. 13.1 Mohs hardness scale • Mohs hardness scalewas developed in 1812 by Friedrick Mohs (an Austrian mineral expert) as a method to identify minerals. • This scale uses 10 minerals to represent variations in hardness.

  12. 13.1 Groups of rocks • There are three groups of rocks that are formed by the processed in the Earth’s crust. • An igneous rockforms from the cooling and crystallizing of magma or lava. • A sedimentary rockis made of sediments. • A metamorphic rockis a rock that is formed from another rock because of heat and pressure.

  13. 13.1 Groups of rocks • The rock cycle allows material to keep changing form and moving from place to place on Earth.

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