Warm-Up: Where Do Ideas Come From?

1. Warm-Up: Where Do Ideas Come From? TED Talk: Steven Johnson :00-4:30

2. How Did Enlightenment Ideas Spread Salons- conversational gathering, where wealthy individuals meets at each other’s houses. Often hosted by women Coffeehouses and Pubs Books and Pamphlets

3. How Enlightenment Ideas Spread between countries • England • Hobbes- all humans are inherently self-driven and evil and that the best form of government is thus a single, all-powerful monarch to keep everything in order. • Locke- men are all rational and capable people but must compromise some of their beliefs in the interest of forming a representative government for the people

4. How Enlightenment Ideas Spread between countries • France • Montesquieu- division of state and separation of powers; the ideal government will be different for every culture. • Rousseau- direct democracy in which all citizens contribute to an overarching “general will” that serves everyone at once • Voltaire- fought for civil rights (the right to a fair trial, freedom of speech and freedom of religion); Universe based on reason, not religion

5. How Enlightenment Ideas Spread between countries • Spain • Beccaria- protested the horrible injustices that he observed in various European judicial systems

6. How Enlightenment Ideas Spread between countries • The America’s • Jefferson- Declaration of Independence • Franklin- brought the ideas from Europe over to the America’s

7. The American Revolution Causes Inspired by ideas of the Enlightenment in Europe British taxes on the colonies “No Taxation Without Representation” Colonists declare independence, defeat Britain, and establish a republic in 1783 (constitution formed in 1788)

8. Documents that supported the founding of the US • Declaration of Independence (“divorce papers”) • “All men are created equal” • Constitution • Separation of powers from Montesquieu • Bill of Rights • Freedom of Religion, Freedom of Speech

9. The French Revolution • 1789

10. Causes of French Revolution • Ideas of liberty and equality from the American Revolution • Enlightenment ideas of John Locke. Common people liked the idea that people were equal. “Creatures of the same species and rank, promiscuously born to all the same advantages of nature, and the use of the same faculties, should also be equal one amongst another without subordination or subjection.” - Locke

11. Causes of French Revolution • Vast majority of people were broke and hungry. • Vast majority were in the lowest estate

12. The people in French society were not treated equally. The system of feudalism in France was known as The Old Regime. Citizens were divided into three classes or estates.

13. The First Estate • Roman Catholic Clergy • The Second Estate • Nobles • The Third Estate • 3 types of people • Bourgeoisie • City Workers • Peasants

14. Three Estates

15. Bourgeoisie • Part of the third estate, they were the “middle class” of France. • They were bankers, merchants, factory owners (educated people) • Led the revolution

16. Revolution - beginnings • Although people were starving and the country was broke, the royal family flaunted their wealth and uncaring. • “Let them eat cake” rumor • Marie-Antoinette was traditionally very generous and kind to the lower classes

17. King Louis XVI • His grandfather Louis XIV was the ultimate “absolutist” king. • This king was weak • He had so little control, he called for the French congress to fix some problems

18. Three Estates?Main Causes of the French Revolution? (3)

19. Social Make-Up of France in the late 1700’s • 80% of the population lived in rural villages • Day laborers • Farmers/Renters/Sharecropers • Landowners • 90% of these people lived at or below subsistence level

20. Ancien Regime Everyone was a subject of the king of France as well as a member of an estate and province. All rights and status flowed from the social institutions, divided into three orders: clergy, nobility, and others (the Third Estate). There was no national citizenship.

21. Social Make-up of France in the late 1700’s • The remaining 20% lived in cities • Guilds (unions) controlled and limited access to jobs in any given trade • People were born into their social class. This did not change throughout your life.

22. Politics of France: Estates General • 3 “houses” made up of each class • 1st Estate • 2nd Estate • 3rd Estate • Each estate got one vote, so the majority population only got 1/3rd of the votes

23. The Dawn of the Revolution June 20, 1789:  During a meeting of the Estates General, a problem arouse about the voting procedure.  People wanted a vote by “head” not “estate” Angered by the disagreement, Louis XVI locked the 3rd Estate out of the meeting during which time they reconvened in the tennis courts at Versailles. This formed the National Assembly.

24. 3rd Estate Meets The delegates of the third estate left and declared themselves THE congress of France on the tennis courts of Versailles (Tennis Court Oath).

25. The Great Fear:Abolish Feudalism • Between June and August there were peasant riots throughout the countryside. People were seeking to burn any record of feudal obligations

26. The Fall of the Bastille July 14th 1789 Although the Bastille only had seven prisoners in it when it was liberated by the Parisian mob, the fall of the prison became a symbol of triumph over despotism. It also signified the end of the authority of Louis XVI, because he was no longer able to control the political tides of France.

27. Elimination of Privilege • August 1789 • A decree from the National Assembly in support of the peasants. “You are no longer born into privilege” • BUT • National Assembly did not really feel that everyone was educated and qualified enough to vote • Active Citizens (property owners) • Passive Citizens

28. The Sans-Culottes:The Parisian Working Class • Small shopkeepers. • Tradesmen. • Artisans. “Privilege of wealth taking the place of the privilege of birth. The Bourgeoisie taking the place of the aristocracy.” Glorified direct action, strength, candor, and patriotism

29. Events continued • French created their own Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen modeled after TJ’s Declaration of Independence • http://avalon.law.yale.edu/18th_century/rightsof.asp

30. Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen • Many of the reforms favored by Enlightenment writers appeared in the declaration: • freedom of religion, • freedom of the press, • no taxation without representation, • elimination of excessive punishments, and • various safeguards against arbitrary administration. • (Did not include women and there is no mention of slavery)

31. October Days- 1789 • 1789 was a cold winter which created a low yeild harvest • In the fall of 1789 the urban poor could expect to spend about 90% of their income on food (mainly bread) • In October, mobs of women stormed Versailles to protest the high cost of bread

32. October Days 1789 • The goal of the protest was to get the royal family to return to Paris so that they could better control the food supply • https://chnm.gmu.edu/revolution/d/309/

33. Moderate Stage Review1789-1792 • Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen • Gospel of the new French social order • October Days • King Louis tries to get help from foreign powers • King Louis tries to escape France • Revolutionaries form a constitution

34. Jack and Jill went up the hill to fetch a pail of waterJack fell down and broke his crownAnd Jill came tumbling after.Up got Jack, and home did trot As fast as he could caperHe went to bed and bound his headWith vinegar and brown paper. Video Explanation

35. Jack and Jill Rhyme Nursery Rhyme & History Jack and Jill story - The French (history) connection! The roots of the story, or poem, of Jack and Jill are in France. Jack and Jill referred to are said to be King Louis XVI - Jack -who was beheaded (lost his crown) followed by his Queen Marie Antoinette - Jill - (who came tumbling after). The words and lyrics to the Jack and Jill poem were made more acceptable as a story for children by providing a happy ending! The actual beheadings occurred in during the Reign of Terror in 1793. Brown Paper and Vinegar was a common treatment for headaches, fever and sprains.

36. Café Liberte Activity • You will imagine you are a member of the 3rd Estate. • You will be given a piece of news or revolutionary propaganda to analyze • You will switch groups twice. The first time you will discuss your news with those who heard the same thing. The second time you will share your news with others who will then share their news with you. • Both times you will think about • how the revolution is affected by these events and • how are members of the 3rd Estate affected differently by these events

37. Character Creation- On a sheet of paper Come up with a lovely French name. Your person can be male or female. Pick a profession that would have been in the 3rd estate How would this individual have reacted to early events of the French Revolution? Why? What impact did this person expect the French Revolution to have on their lives?

38. Café Liberte menu • Read at least one piece of “news” on the rising revolution • In a complete paragraph describe what it would mean for the French character you created • Discuss with other French citizens your piece of news and how it will affect you • Share your news with other people in your salon and listen to the news they have heard as well

39. 10 Minute Free Write. Answer the questions below as completely as possible. • How would the course of the Revolution have been affected by each of these events and sentiments? • How did an individuals specific situation change the way they viewed the revolution? Give examples.

40. End of Lecture #1

41. Stages of the Revolution Liberal Phase (1789-91) Radicalization (1791-93) Reign of Terror (1793-94) Thermidor and Directory (1795-99)

42. Impact of the Revolution Women Peasants Bourgeoisie Clergy Nobles Artisans/workers.

43. Effects of the French Revolution • Both the King and Queen were beheaded • French monarchy no more • In addition to the Royal family, 17,000 people were executed with the guillotine.

44. Effects continued. . . • Napoleon Bonaparte was elected leader, then appoints himself emperor of France. • Sold Louisiana to TJ

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