Thurs. 3/6

1. Thurs. 3/6 Collect: Lab Today: Test, INB check, Cell Communication POGIL Homework: Signal Transduction POGIL(print from my.ccsd.net), Print out notes for Ch. 40 for next class, Guided Reading-Ch. 40. Next class: Ch 40. Test Corrections must be done by Thurs. 3/13

2. Pg. 144 Ch 40 Guided Reading Pg. 145 Ch 40 EK Paragraph 3D2 or 3D3

3. In: pg. 146 Watch video clip: Bozeman Cell Communication. • Complete Video Guide and tape in.

4. Cell Communication POGIL • Complete ONE copy in groups of 3-4 and turn in at end of period.

5. Pg. 147 Signal Transduction POGIL Print out the Signal Transduction POGIL from my.ccsd.net, complete and turn in next class. It will go on this page when returned.

6. Out Why is cellular communication is important for: • Unicellular organisms? • Multicellular organisms?

7. Mon. 3/10 Collect: Signal Transduction POGIL and Guided Reading-Ch 40 Today: Finish Cell Comm. POGIL, Notes-Ch 40 Homework: Endocrine diagrams and Guided Reading-Ch 37. Print Ch. 37 powerpoint for next class. Next class-Quiz-Ch 40 Test corrections by Thursday!!!

8. In: pg 148 What is the difference between and endocrine gland and exocrine gland? Give an example of each.

9. Pg. 149Chp.40: Hormones & the Endocrine System

10. Remember: • Why cells need to communicate: • Coordinate activities in multicellular organisms • Hormone actions • Cell recognition • To find mates (yeast cells) • Turn pathways on/off • apoptosis

11. Evolutionary ties of cell communication • Cell-to-cell communication is everywhere in biological systems from Archaea and bacteria to multicellular organisms. • The basic chemical processes of communication are shared across evolutionary lines of descent. • Signal transduction is an excellent example

12. Signal Transduction Animation • Click on this link to access the animation: http://www.wiley.com/college/boyer/0470003790/animations/signal_transduction/signal_transduction.htm

13. Chemical Communication

14. Pheromones • Members of the same animal species sometimes communicate with pheromones, chemicals that are released into the environment. • Pheromones serve many functions, including marking trails leading to food, defining territories, warning of predators, and attracting potential mates.

15. Quorum sensing • Quorum sensing in bacteria – single celled bacteria monitor their environment by producing, releasing and detecting hormone-like molecules called autoinducers.

16. Chemical Communication

17. Direct Contact Communication Ex. Plant cells communicate directly through openings called plasmodesmata.

18. Short Distance Communication • Paracrine signals diffuse to and affect nearby cells • Ex. Neurotransmitters • Ex. Prostaglandins

19. Neurotransmitters and Neurohormones Neuron Synapse Response Synaptic signaling Neurosecretorycell Bloodvessel Response Neuroendocrine signaling

20. Autocrine signals • These chemicals affect the same cells that release them. • Ex. Interleukin-1 produced by monocytes and can bind to receptors on the same monocyte. • Tumor cells reproduce uncontrollably because they self-stimulate cell division by making their own division signals.

21. Long Distance Communication • Endocrine hormones via signal transduction pathway:

22. Hormones • Endocrine glands produce hormones which are • Chemical signals • Transported in tissue fluids • Detected only by target cells

23. Summary:

24. Communication Features • Secreting cell - releases the signal • Signal = chemical = ligand • Receptor - accepts and temporarily joins with the ligand forming receptor/ligand complex • Target cell – contains the receptor

25. Apply the features • Insulin is secreted by beta cells of the pancreas. Once secreted, insulin travels around the body. When insulin docks with an integral protein on the membrane of a muscle cell, glucose can enter the cell. • What is the secreting cell, the target cell, ligand, and the receptor?

26. Endocrine System • The human endocrine system is composed of a collection of glands that secrete a variety of hormones. • These chemicals use long distance communication to control the daily functioning of the cells of the body, maintain homeostasis, respond to environmental stimuli, and growth & development.

27. Endocrine System • The endocrine system produces more than 30 different chemicals used by your body to and promote normal body function. • This system contains 9 primary glands as well as endocrine cells found within major organs. • The endocrine system is a ductless system that employs the circulatory system when delivering chemical signals over long distances.

29. The Endocrine System works with the Nervous System • Two systems coordinate communication throughout the body: the endocrine system and the nervous system. • The endocrine system secretes hormones that communicate regulatory info throughout body. • The nervous system uses neurons to transmit signals; these signals can regulate the release of hormones.

30. Table 45.1a

31. Table 45.1b

32. Example Figure 45.17 Pathway Stimulus Cold Sensory neuron  Hypothalamus Hypothalamus secretesthyrotropin-releasinghormone (TRH). Neurosecretory cell Releasing hormone Blood vessel  Anterior pituitary secretesthyroid-stimulatinghormone (TSH, also knownas thyrotropin). Anterior pituitary Tropic hormone Negative feedback Thyroid gland secretesthyroid hormone(T3 and T4). Endocrine cell Hormone Targetcells Body tissues Increased cellularmetabolism Response

33. The Process of Communication:Signal-Transduction Pathway Three stages of the Signal-Transduction Pathway 1. reception 2. transduction 3. response

34. Typical Signal Transduction Pathway

35. Ligand = Chemical Messenger • Three major classes of molecules function as hormones in vertebrates (ligands) • Polypeptides (proteins and peptides) • Amines derived from amino acids • Steroid hormones

36. Cellular Response Pathways • Water- and lipid-soluble hormones differ in their paths through a body • Water-soluble hormones are secreted by exocytosis, travel freely in the bloodstream, and bind to cell-surface receptors • Lipid-soluble hormones diffuse across cell membranes, travel in the bloodstream bound to transport proteins, and diffuse through the membrane of target cells

37. Type of Receptor: Ex- G-protein linked(Water soluble = polypeptides & amines, can’t pass cell membrane)

38. Type of Receptor: Intracellular Receptor (Lipid Soluble = Steroid Hormones, can pass cell membrane)

39. SECRETORYCELL Lipid-solublehormone Water-solublehormone VIABLOOD Transportprotein Signal receptor TARGETCELL OR Signalreceptor Cytoplasmicresponse Generegulation Cytoplasmicresponse Generegulation NUCLEUS (a) (b)

40. 3 2 1 Recap EXTRACELLULARFLUID CYTOPLASM Plasma membrane Response Reception Transduction Receptor Activationof cellularresponse Relay molecules in a signal transductionpathway Signalingmolecule

41. Multiple Effects of Hormones • The same hormone may have different effects on target cells that have • Different receptors for the hormone • Different signal transduction pathways

42. Multiple Effects of Hormones • The hormone epinephrine has multiple effects in mediating the body’s response to short-term stress • Epinephrine binds to receptors on the plasma membrane of liver cells • This triggers the release of messenger molecules that activate enzymes and result in the release of glucose into the bloodstream

44. (b) Skeletal muscleblood vessel (c) Intestinal bloodvessel Same receptors but differentintracellular proteins (not shown) Different receptors Different cellularresponses Different cellularresponses Epinephrine Epinephrine Epinephrine  receptor  receptor  receptor Glycogendeposits Vesseldilates. Vesselconstricts. Glycogenbreaks downand glucoseis releasedfrom cell. (a) Liver cell

45. Insulin and Glucagon: Control of Blood Glucose • Hormones work in pairs to maintain homeostasis. • Insulin (decreases blood glucose) and glucagon (increases blood glucose)are antagonistic hormones that help maintain glucose homeostasis. • The pancreas has clusters of endocrine cells called pancreatic islets with alpha cells that produce glucagon and beta cells that produce insulin.

46. Insulin Figure 45.13 Body cellstake up moreglucose. Beta cells ofpancreasrelease insulininto the blood. Liver takesup glucose and stores itas glycogen. STIMULUS:Blood glucose level rises (for instance, after eating acarbohydrate-rich meal). Blood glucoselevel declines. Homeostasis:Blood glucose level(70–110 mg/100mL) STIMULUS:Blood glucose level falls (for instance, afterskipping a meal). Blood glucoselevel rises. Liver breaksdown glycogenand releasesglucose intothe blood. Alpha cells of pancreasrelease glucagon intothe blood. Glucagon

47. Out of Balance: Diabetes Mellitus • Diabetes mellitus is perhaps the best-known endocrine disorder. • It is caused by a deficiency of insulin or a decreased response to insulin in target tissues. • It is marked by elevated blood glucose levels.

48. Out of Balance: Diabetes Mellitus • Type 1 diabetes mellitus (insulin-dependent) is an autoimmune disorder in which the immune system destroys pancreatic beta cells. • Type 2 diabetes mellitus (non-insulin-dependent) involves insulin deficiency or reduced response of target cells due to change in insulin receptors.

49. Insulin & Glucose Regulation

50. Pg. 150 Diagram and label fig. 40.12 AND 40.15. Pg. 151 Create a similar diagram for the stress response. One loop will be short term stress and the other loop will be long term stress.