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But for synchrotron data collection we wanted even faster image readout

But for synchrotron data collection we wanted even faster image readout. Quantum Array Detectors. 188 mm (7.4”). 210 mm (8.3”). Quantum 210 4096 x 4096 pixels 16 M pixels 32 Mbyte images 1 sec. (4 corner readout) 32 Mbytes/sec. Quantum 4R 2304 x 2304 pixels 5 M pixels

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But for synchrotron data collection we wanted even faster image readout

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  1. But for synchrotron data collection we wanted even faster image readout

  2. Quantum Array Detectors 188 mm (7.4”) 210 mm (8.3”) Quantum 210 4096 x 4096 pixels 16 M pixels 32 Mbyte images 1 sec. (4 corner readout) 32 Mbytes/sec Quantum 4R 2304 x 2304 pixels 5 M pixels 10 Mbyte images 9 sec. readout 1.1 Mbytes/sec

  3. Quantum 210

  4. 18 Quantum 210 detectorsdelivered 2001 - 2008

  5. Now that we had faster image readout we wanted still bigger detector area

  6. The Quantum 315 uses 9 instead of 4 of exactly the same modules as used in the Quantum 210. 315 mm 210mm 315 mm 210 mm Quantum 210 4K by 4K Quantum 315 6K by 6K

  7. CAD drawing of Quantum 315

  8. Quantum 315 at SSRL

  9. Quantum 315 diffraction image Bacterial Ribosome Jamie Cate and Jonas Noeske James Holton’s Beamline 8-3-1 At the ALS

  10. Diffraction pattern from a Quantum 315 Early Image Plate (MAR 180) ADSC multiwire Counter system Single counter diffractometer

  11. We delivered 32 Quantum 315 detectors 2001-2012

  12. But especially for the new brighter synchrotrons being built we need detectors that have 1. even faster readout and 2. much larger dynamic rangethan CCD detectors have.

  13. Pixel Array Detectorsare now becoming the dominant X-ray detector technologyat synchrotrons

  14. Basic Structure of Pixel Array Detectors Diode detection layer Direct x-ray conversion in fully depleted high resistivity silicon X-ray ~3200 e- / 12keV x-ray Connecting Bumps 1 per pixel Solder CMOS electronics: pixel signal processing, frame storage: the “ASIC”.

  15. Pixel Array Detectors:Important Features Direct detection of X-rays: High efficiency with low noise contribution. Each pixel has detection logic and counters and/or integrators built in. The ASIC signal processing layer can be built efficiently in 2cm by 2cm size and larger areas can be built using tiled modules.

  16. … And more Very fast readout time (~1 millisecond). High Frame rates (~1khz or higher) are possible. Shutter-less data collection for crystallography! Extremely high Dynamic Range (ability to record very strong and very weak data simultaneously). Sub pixel point spread. Weak signals are not affected by a neighboring pixel’s strong signal. Flexible pixel design allows for detectors to be customized for specific scientific applications.

  17. ButPixel Array Detectors do have Gaps… Control and data lines must be attached to bonding pads along one side of the ASIC. So All larger multi-module PAD detectors have small dead spaces (gaps) between the modules.

  18. PILATUS at Swiss Light Source Pilatus Pixel Array Detector Showing Gaps

  19. ASIC : Application Specific Integrated Circuit ASIC’s are custom designed silicon chips There are three basic kinds of signal processing ASIC’s in pixel array detectors Charge Integrating Photon Counting Charge Ramp Counting

  20. Charge Integrating Pixel X-rays incident on a single pixel +150 V Diode layer + Electric charge - voltage Solder Bump digitize voltage accumulated on capacitor ( CHESS/LCLS ) CMOS layer Reset exposure time

  21. Charge Integrating Pixel Advantages Simplicity of design No pulse height thresholds to adjust Purely analog so usable at 4th generation pulsed X-ray sources with extremely high instantaneous flux Disadvantages Capacitor fills up with charge after about 10^4 12kev X-rays so limited dynamic range

  22. The Photon Counting Pixel X-rays incident on a single pixel +150 V Diode layer + 1 pulse per X-ray Read contents of counter after exposure time Solder Bump CMOS layer Amplifier and shaper Pulse height Discriminator

  23. X-ray Photon (Pulse) Counting Advantages Simplicity of design Room temperature operation Some energy resolution Disadvantages Count rate limitations Pulse height thresholds need to be reset for each different X-ray energy

  24. The Charge Ramp Counting Pixel There is a better solution to higher count rates than a simple counting pixel:

  25. The Charge Ramp Counting Pixel +150 V At end of exposure time 1. read contents of ramp counter (18 bits) - voltage Diode layer 2. digitize the final partial ramp (10 bits) V thresh Solder Bump 0 0 0 0 Comparator exposure time Buffer amplifier V thresh CMOS layer 0 0 1 1 Precision Charge Removal

  26. The main advantage of the Charge Ramp Counting Pixel is that It can accurately measure up to 100 million X-rays / pixel / second With no co-incidence counting loss.

  27. But at low count rates -- less than 100,000 X-rays/pixel/sec where co-incidence loss is not a problem…. counting individual x-rays will probably give superior measurement accuracy and can allow some energy resolution

  28. Can we have it all ? Very high effective count rate in the bright parts of the diffraction pattern and The ultimate accuracy of counting X-rays in the weaker parts of the diffraction pattern

  29. We are developing an ASIC with pixels which can be configured into either of the two modes. We call these pixels “Dual Mode” pixels.

  30. The Dual Mode Pixel in X-ray Pulse Counting Mode +150 V X-rays Diode layer 22bit counter Solder bump Charge sensitive amplifier Shaper 0 0 0 0 Pixel threshold Comparator CMOS layer Slow amplifier Comparator 0 0 1 1 Multiplexer Global threshold 10 bit A/D Precision charge removal 0 0 0 0 Sample & Hold

  31. The Dual Mode Pixel in Charge Ramp CountingMode +150 V X-rays Diode layer 22bit ramp counter Charge sensitive amplifier Solder bump Pulse from One charge ramp Shaper 0 0 0 0 Comparator Pixel threshold CMOS layer Slow amplifier Comparator 0 0 1 1 Multiplexer Ramp threshold 10bit A/D Precision charge removal 0 1 0 1 Sample & Hold =32bit intensity data

  32. We have just completed testing of the 16 by 128 pixel version of the dual mode ASIC and are ready to submit a foundry run for the full sized 128 by 128 pixel production version

  33. The first proof of principle detector we will build with this new ASIC will be the 512 by 512 pixel HF-262k to be delivered to NSLS beamline 4Aabout November of this year ACA 1 August 2012

  34. The scheduling of the NYSBC contract requires delivery of the 2K by 2K HF-4Mdetector to X4A at the NSLS by late summer of 2013 150 micron pixels 328 mm by 308 mm active area 3mm horizontal gaps 100 Hz frame rate ACA 1 August 2012

  35. The Dual Mode PAD Detector 4 by 16 array of 128 x 512 pixel modules X-ray Photon Counting Mode can be set for the pixels in the weaker parts of the diffraction for best statistics Charge Ramp Counting Mode Can be set in central pixels for measuring high intensity, low resolution diffraction spots without saturation.

  36. What a change in the last 40 years ! In 1970 a protein data set could take weeks to collect using film or a diffractometer with a single point counter With the pixel array technology being developed now, accurate protein data sets can be collected in just a few seconds !

  37. Special acknowledgment to the Many people who contributed to the early work on the multiwire diffractometer systems at UC San Diego Xuong lab: Chris Nielsen, Carl Cork, Andy Howard, Dan Anderson, Don Sullivan Physics Dept: Wayne Vernon Chemistry Dept: Joe Kraut, Dave Matthews, Karl Voltz, Jeff Bolin, Tom Poulos

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