Introduction

1. Location and characteristics of the poor in Kelantan, Malaysia: A poverty mapping exercise using Geographic Information System (GIS) Institute for Environment and Development (LESTARI)Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia43600 Bangi, Selangor Chamhuri Siwar, Shaharudin Idrus, Nor Diana Mohd Idris, Muhammad Nazmi Sumardi & Amizam Abdul Jabbar Presented at Centre for Socioeconomic Development , Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 14th March 2013

2. Introduction Poverty is an issue that has a major influence in shaping the country’s development policy in Malaysia. The New Economy Policy (1971-1990) , National Development Policy (1991-2000) and National Vision Policy (2000-2010) - focuses on the alleviation of poverty, restructuring the target groups as well as improving the quality of community development and sustainable growth. 2009 the government launched the Government Transformation Programme which consists of six National Key Result Area (NKRA) to strengthen the effort in addressing poverty alleviation

3. Cont… For alleviating poverty the government requires a comprehensive mechanism to ensure that this problem can be solved effectively. Malaysia has begun to explore the geographical gaps of poverty in the country through a concept known as poverty mapping which has become one of the important methods to curb poverty in developing countries (Koh, 2009). Basically poverty mapping is a method that combines survey and census data to estimate poverty and income inequality through geographical factors- spatial or locational distribution The Department of Statistic Malaysia uses Geographical Information System (GIS) to improve and combine more additional variables on the map as outlined in the Strategic Plan 2010-2014 (Department of Statistics Malaysia, 2012).

4. Material and method Secondary data from the census data bank storage of ICU for 2008 to August 2011. Data of head of household of the poor - registered through the E-kasih system, (national poverty data bank). Poor determines by poverty line income (PLI) of RM700/months, Hardcore poor (HCP) determines as those below the food poverty line (RM350/month), Vulnerable poor (VP) determine as those with incomes above PLI up to RM1500/month. The data for Kelantan consists of 10 districts and 65 sub-districts for evaluating and explaining the characteristics of poverty in Kelantan. Software program of ArcGIS 9.2 (ESRI, 2006) Poverty statuses are categorised into hard core poor, vulnerable poor and out of poverty based on food and non-food poverty line income (PLI).

5. Poverty incidence in Kelantan, 2011

6. Distribution of poverty in Kelantan 2011

8. Result and Discussion From the poverty mapping, most of the hard core poor respondents are centred in Tumpat (15.8%). The highest number of hard core poor in urban area is in the state capital of Kota Baharu with a rate of 52.4%. Meanwhile, the hard core poor at rural area are concentrated in Pasir Puteh (17.9%) and followed by Tumpat (16.5%). Overall, the hard core poor are concentrated at the north Kelantan area which is Tumpat (15.8%), Kota Baharu (15.5%) and Pasir Puteh (13.3%).

10. Cont.. The result shows that four out of ten districts experienced high incidence of poverty above 40%, namely in the districts of Machang, Pasir Mas, Jeli and Tanah Merah. A range of 30% and above : Pasir Puteh, Gua Musang, Tumpat, Kota Baharu, Kuala Krai dan Bachok. The overall incidence of poverty in Kelantan by strata was recorded at 36.98% for urban area, mainly located in the sub-district of Kota Baharu with 12.8% and 66.2% for rural area, mainly in Pengkalan Kubor sub-district of Tumpat (35.0%) (Fig. 3 and 4).

11. Cont.. Figure 3

12. Cont… Figure 4 6th PSPC-Poverty Alleviation and Social Protection Conference 2013

13. Poverty and ethnicity Three major ethnic groups: Malay, Chinese and Indians in terms of employment and geography. Table 3 indicates the four major ethnic groups included in the survey.

14. Distribution of poverty status by ethnic group HC = hard core poor, P=poor, VG = vulnerable group, NP=Non-poor

15. Malays - 97.2% (46294) of the poor and followed by others group ethnic 1.64% (1332). Chinese and Indian are representing 1.03% and 0.13% of the poor respectively. Malay are still trapped in poverty, 48% comprises of vulnerable or marginal group and 14.7% have moved out of poverty. Vulnerable groups : Chinese (62.3%) and other ethnic groups, (70.3%). Distribution of extremely poor of Chinese : Location: Kota Bharu, Pasir Mas, Tumpat, Tanah Merah and GuaMusang 28.1% of the poor Indian is located in Tanah Merah district. Other ethnic groups : Kedayan, LunBawang, Melanau, Orang Sungeirepresented by 0.75%-7.02% in Kota Bharu, Tanah Merah, GuaMusang, Jeli and Kuala Krai.

16. Cont.. 6th PSPC-Poverty Alleviation and Social Protection Conference 2013

17. Cont… Malays dominates the poor (95.8-99.6%) and mostly located in the district of Bachok and Pasir Puteh. Chinese poor are mostly concentrated in Kota Baharu (1.60% ) and Kuala Krai (1.01%) of the poor. Poor of others ethnic groups are mainly located in Tumpat (3.61%) comprising 0.80% of the overall poor in Kelantan.

18. Poverty and education

19. The educational levels categories: 1. Secondary school and above (postgraduate polytechnic/college/university) 2. Medium level (Secondary 4-5/GCE/O-Level/Vocational/Technical schools) 3. Lower Secondary level (Secondary 1-3/ Remove Class), 4. Primary level (Primary year 1-6/Pre-school) 5. No schooling.

20. Distribution of poverty by education level in Kelantan

21. Figure 7 6th PSPC-Poverty Alleviation and Social Protection Conference 2013

22. Cont…. 6th PSPC-Poverty Alleviation and Social Protection Conference 2013 Figure 7 - vulnerable group with no schooling by districts in Kelantan. (56.83%) of the vulnerables - no schooling experience (23,113). Location: Tumpat (18.43%), Kota Bharu (16.0%), Pasir Puteh (14.6%) and Bachok (12.2%). The total of respondents who completed secondary school form the majority of 17,130 (35.9%), followed by no schooling category of 15,889 (33.3%), with primary school and below (28.7%). The distributions of hard-core poor and poor with secondary education are respectively 5.81% (hard core poor) and 40.0% (poor).

23. Poverty and occupation 6th PSPC-Poverty Alleviation and Social Protection Conference 2013

24. cont…. Three main categories: self-employed, salaried and other jobs. Paid employment : poor category: hardcore poor (34.5%) Location: Pasir Mas (43.9%), Tumpat, Kota Bharu, Gua Musang, Pasir Puteh, Bachok and Tanah Merah (30.7% -39.5%. ). Machang and Jeli (ranging from 26.5% and 24.6%). Self-employed : Poor category: hardcore poor (32.4%) Location: Machang (42.9%), Jeli (41.8%), Gua Musang (40.7%), Tanah Merah (40.7%) Pasir Mas (32.3%), Bachok (32.3%) and other districts Kota Bharu, Pasir Puteh and Tumpat (24.5% -29.5%) are mostly engaged in the agriculture sectors where the self-employment job are plenty.

25. Conclusion Rural poverty is concentrated in the Pengkalan Kubor which is sub-district of Tumpat with poverty incidence of 35.0%. The demographic profile of Tumpat: hardcore poor, poor, self-employment and had lower education. 10% (700 people) of those out of poverty or 9.30% out of the total population are in the study area. Ethnically, the Malays are mainly trapped in poverty, as 97.4% of respondents of 2111 and 15,191 hardcore poor (98.3%) of the poor are mostly the Malays, located in Bachok and Jeli.

26. cont….. • Urban poor are concentrated in the state capital Kota Bharu Kelantan district, with 52.2% poor and 54.2% hardcore poor. There are 15 sub-districts in Kota Bharu, with about 23.8% and 29.6% are urban poor and hard core poor, respectively. • Hard core poor: 15.6% are with secondary education, 40.3% are employed with other work (pensioners, students, housewives, no job, etc.) • Poor- secondary education (22.5%), paid worker (51.4%), Malays (97.9%).

27. Policy Implications In the past, poverty alleviation programs suffers from leakages, wastage and ineffectiveness due to incorrect targeting of the poor. Poverty mapping is a strong policy tool- assists in direct targeting of the poor , hardcore poor and vulnerable poor by determining the actual location/address of the poor for direct intervention by governmental development agencies and also NGOs. Poverty mapping make possible to directly address the issues and root cause of poverty

28. Cont.. Poverty mapping allows mapping of specific needs and wants of the poor, hardcore poor and vulnerable poor –towards better design of poverty alleviation programs Poverty alleviation program is not “ one cloth fits all”. There is a need for specific programs to meet the different needs and wants of the poor , hardcore poor and vulnerable poor( egeducation, employment, microcredit/capital , welfare/assistance, housing, skills and motivation, agriculture, small business, NGOs participation, etc..) Through constant updating Poverty mapping –allows systematic monitoring of effectiveness of poverty programs over time (weekly, monthly, quarterly, half-yearly, yearly…..) Towards direct, impactful, efficient, and cost effective poverty alleviation program that reduce leakages, wastage, inefficiency and ineffectiveness of poverty alleviation programs.

29. Acknowledgement The authors express appreciation to the Ministry of Higher Education, Malaysia through the provision of research fund under the Knowledge Transfer Programme (PHI-2012-04) between Institute for Environment and Development (LESTARI), UniversitiKebangsaan Malaysia and Implementation Coordination Unit (ICU) of the Malaysian Prime Minister's Department, which make possible the provision of the raw data for the purpose of poverty mapping and analysis of poverty for the East Coast Economic Region (ECER) involving the states of Kelantan, Terengganu and Pahang, Malaysia. THANK YOU….